San AndrÃÆ'Â © s is a coral island of Colombia in the Caribbean Sea. Historically tied to Britain, and politically part of Colombia, San AndrÃÆ'Â © s and nearby islands Providencia and Santa Catalina formed the department of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, Providencia and Santa Catalina. San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, in the southern island group, is the largest of the departments. The department's official languages ​​are Creole, Spanish, and English.
While San Andrà © s is located 50 km (31 mi) south of Providencia, the Colombian archipelago is approximately 750 km (470 mi) to the north of the mainland of Colombia. The archipelago covers an area of ​​57 km 2 (22 m²), including outer mounds, reefs, atolls and sand banks, with an area of ​​45km 2 (17à , SqÃ, mi). In 2000, it was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, named "Seaflower Biosphere Reserve", which covers not only the islands but also about 10% of the Caribbean Sea, as large as an ocean of 300,000 km 2 (120,000 sqÃ, mi). The purpose of this declaration is to ensure that ecosystems, rich in biodiversity, are well preserved and conserved.
Capital department is located at the north end of the island. Named San AndrÃÆ'Â © s but nicknamed El Centro, it is the main downtown department. Around 30 km (19 mi) of roads that surround the island there are many beautiful beaches, coral reefs, caves, blowholes, and coves. Also of note are La Loma, the city of San AndrÃÆ' Â © s, the Baptist Church, the Seaquarium, the large pool of La Laguna, and the freshwater lake in the middle of the mangrove forest. There are palm oil plantations, lush meadows, and tall trees up to 20 meters (66 feet) tall. Surrounded by the warm Caribbean Sea, all these features have made the island an "exotic holiday destination".
Video San Andrés (island)
Histori
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The history of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s and Providence is full of pirate adventures, invasions and occupations of their islands. The first appearance of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s on the Spanish map was in 1527. The Dutch were reported to have come to these islands at the end of the 16th century and the British settlers arrived there in 1628. It is also mentioned that Columbus discovered these islands during his fourth exploration voyage.
the 17th century
The British Puritans were the first to arrive; they are from Barbados and also from England. Between 1627 and 1629 they came to settle in a fertile climate and took advantage of the fertile soil on the islands.
The Anglo Purits drove out the Dutch settlers in 1631. The settlers also came from Wales. All the invaders first came to San AndrÃÆ'Â © s and then moved to the Providence Island colony in what is now Providencia Island because its mountainous area provides a source of clean water and security from the invaders. People enslaved from birth or descendants of West Africa were brought by British shipowners in 1633 from Jamaica. They were originally brought to work in sluggish, as well as growing cotton and tobacco.
In 1635, the Spaniards, aware of the island's economic interests, attacked the archipelago. But the Spaniards were expelled as soon as they occupied the islands.
Pirates also operate from here, including Welsh officer Sir Henry Morgan, who used it in 1670 as one of its centers of operations. The pirates attacked Spanish ships carrying gold and other precious materials that sailed in Caribbean waters. They also attacked Panama and Santa Maria. The prizes looted by pirates are still believed to be hidden in some underwater caves in the area.
18th century
After the Spanish occupation while the islands, they were controlled by the British from 1740 to 1787, when they agreed to honor Creole (and possibly the Native Americans of America, more resources are needed to better distinguish this point) population. In 1792, by a royal warrant on 20 May, Spain told Guatemala's Captain General Don Bernardo Troncoso to recognize the archipelago. The Catholic religion is spread on the island and a church is built and run by its own pastor. San Andres provides exemption from import and export taxes.
19th century
On 25 November 1802, the inhabitants of the archipelago requested that they depend on the Viceroyalty of New Granada with the Mosquito Coast, and not in the Captaincy of Guatemala. The document was signed by Mr. Roberto Clark, procurator, Isaac Brooks, Solomon Taylor, Jorge Olis, and Juan Taylor. In early 1803, reports indicated that it was for political and economic reasons that San AndrÃÆ'Â ss became the dependent Viceroyalty of New Granada.
In 1810, factions in New Granada declared independence from Spain. The boards were set up in San Andrà © s and Providencia this year. The government of Tomás O'Neill gives land rights to the Anglo and Latino families of two islands that guarantee land ownership by people. In July 1818, Luis Aury, and independent forces SimÃÆ'³n BolÃÆ'Âvar occupied the islands, and became part of Gran Colombia on June 23, 1822.
In 1821, the publication of the Constitution CÃÆ'ºcuta stipulated that every child born in Colombia, was born as a free citizen. This at least meant the abolition of slavery in San Andrà ©.
On March 5, 1825, a League and Confederation Agreement with the Central American States Provinces was signed and on 15 June 1826, the Union Agreement, the League and Confederation, between the Colombian Republic, Central America, Peru and Mexico was signed in Panama. that "the Parties shall ensure the integrity of their territory, then, under special and interdependent conventions, have been restricted and set their respective limits, the protection will then be placed under the protection of the confederation."
After independence was recognized by the Caribbean Sea coastal territory, the British proclaimed independent territories regardless of time agreements and agreements but the island remained free of British autonomy (sources needed, words here absurd). In 1848, TomÃÆ'¡s Cipriano de Mosquera declared San AndrÃÆ'® s as a Free port. In 1851, slavery was abolished by the Colombian constitution, which led to a successful literacy movement led by the pastor Philip Beekman Livingston.
20th century
In September 1900, France issued a verdict in which it recognized all islands in the archipelago as belonging to Colombia. In 1902, two commissioners from US President Theodore Roosevelt came to San AndrÃÆ'Â © s by boat and requested that the islands become part of Panama, but the American proposal was rejected as unpatriotic, proving local allegiance to the Republic of Colombia. In 1903, the Colombian Department of Panama became an independent state. The inhabitants of the island again refused to join the United States or Panama when they were visited by US warships in the same year. On October 26, 1912, the Municipality of San Andres and Providencia was established by Law 52, ​​granting administrative independence. In August 1920, a boundary agreement was signed between Colombia and Panama in Bogota. On March 24, 1928, the Esguerra-BÃÆ'¡rcenas Agreement was signed, in which Nicaragua recognized Colombian sovereignty over the San AndrÃÆ'Â © s Islands, Providencia and Santa Catalina.
In November 1943, Colombia joined World War II, because the German submarine sank one of their ships which had to transport British troops to San AndrÃÆ'Â © s. In 1953, at the request of several representatives of the island community, President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla reaffirmed San Andres Island and its free port. In 1972, the islands were declared as Special Cities. In the 1991 Constitution of Colombia, the Department of Archipelago of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, Providencia and Santa Catalina was established as one of the Colombian Departments. In 2000, the islands of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, Providencia and Santa Catalina became UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves in accordance with five biosphere reserves registered in the UNESCO Human and Biosphere Program.
21st century
In 2001, the Nicaraguan National Assembly declared the Barcenas-Esguerra Agreement void because it claimed it was signed under the pressure of the occupation of US troops (1928-1933). Nicaragua has now signed a boundary treaty with Colombia, and it denies Colombia's alleged limits on 82 degrees of longitude. In 2007, the International Court of Justice said the Agreement signed in 1928 (and the Ratifying Exchange Protocol 1930) is not a boundary Treaty between the two countries. Nicaragua filed a formal complaint before the International Court of Justice in The Hague, claiming the eastern region of the 82nd longitude, because their continental marine platform includes sovereignty over the San AndrÃÆ'Â s islands. On 13 December 2007, the International Court of Justice recognized the full sovereignty of Colombia over the islands of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, Providencia and Santa Catalina, but left open questions about the demarcation of maritime boundaries and the sovereignty of one of the two nations over the bay of Serranilla, QuitasueÃÆ' Â ± o, Serrana, Roncador and Bajo Nuevos. The ICJ also decides it "upholds Colombia's initial objection to its jurisdiction only as far as sovereignty is concerned over the islands of San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, Providencia and Santa Catalina".
Maps San Andrés (island)
Geography
San AndrÃÆ' © s is the largest island group in the San AndrÃÆ' © s Islands Department, Providencia and Santa Catalina. San Andrà © s is located in the Caribbean Sea, about 750 km (470 mi) northwest of the coast of Colombia. The island is 12.5 km (7.8 million) (11 km is also mentioned here) with a length and 3 km (1.9 mi) in width. It has an area of ​​26Ã, km 2 (10Ã, sqÃ, mi) in the total area of ​​the island of 45 square kilometers (17 m²) (27 km 2 (10 sq mi) as well mentioned in this reference to San AndrÃÆ' © s), making it the largest island in the archipelago. Providencia, the next largest area, lies 80 km (50 mi) to the northeast. San AndrÃÆ' © s has a fairly flat topography with the highest point on the island reported at an altitude of 55 m (180 m) above sea level. San André is crossed from south to north by small mountains whose highest peak is Cerro La Loma, also known as El Cliff. The land of San Andrà © shows that their formation is due to a volcanic eruption that hurls rocks older than the ocean floor to the surface, creating islands. Nevertheless, there is fertile ground and the land is mostly red clay. It is easy to find small quartz deposits on the island, especially in the Loma Cove neighborhood. Apart from the main settlement, the island is almost entirely covered by grass, trees and other vegetation, as well as sand along the coastline rather than rocks. The central area is characterized by a chain of hills (Flowers, Orange, Shingle and Lion's Hill). The island has only a small stream that is temporary that drains the land, but there is no great river.
On the southwest coast of the island there are several features, namely (from north to south) Bobby Rock, Boobie Rock, Fisher Rock and Tyler Rock. A feature called Rock Point is located on the southeast coast. Suky Bay is located in the central western part of the island near the Cove Sea Side. The north of this island has a beach, while the western part of the island does not have a beach.
The island is surrounded on the northwest side by a small coral reef ( arrecifex ) and several keys that are home to a variety of fauna and flora, and are visited by many tourists each year. The small cay in San Andres Bay is said to be the most visited place in the archipelago. Johnny Cay is a small coral island located 1.5 km (0.93 miles) to the north of San Andres City. It is a beautiful place with white sandy beaches surrounded by coconut plantations. The sea here is not suitable for swimming because current currents can be risky. The natural park was also made here in 2001. Haynes Cay is where the cruise ships dock. There are a number of large coral farms here with a variety of species. This place is also popular for water sport activities such as snorkeling and diving. Dive here with masks and sandals (protection against sea urchins) of colorful fish species can be seen. El Acuario (Aquarium) Cay goes to the east coast of San Andres, adjacent to Haynes Cay. It is a popular center for snorkeling because the sea here has shallow and calm waters.
Climate
The island experiences a wet and dry tropical climate bordering the tropical monsoon climate. The average temperature ranges from 24 ° C (75 ° F) to 30 ° C (86 ° F) in two periods dominated by dry spells and rain. The rainy season from September to December and also from May to June, when the humidity is also high here. The trade winds from the north begin to blow at the end of October and during November and December until mid-January, the wind usually blows from the east, when there is a storm in the northeastern Caribbean.
Demographics
The island's last reported population is 75,000; it was 72,912 in 2007, 55,000 in 1993, and 20,000 in 1973. The continued growth and inclusion of people from mainland Colombia means that they now make up about two-thirds of the island's population. The natives are descendants of African and European settlers who first inhabited the islands.
Economy
The island economy, largely dependent on fisheries and agricultural resources, has undergone changes with the opening of air services from Colombia, followed by the 1954 declaration of the island as a duty-free zone. This brought the influx of many tourists to the island regardless of immigrants from the mainland. This also resulted in local governments imposing restrictions in the 1990s to control the entry of people from the mainland, with a view to preserving local culture. However, there is no industry on the island.
Tourism
Three years from 2003 to 2006 have increased more than 10 percent in the number of tourists to San Andres. Tourists increased from 341,293 in 2003 to 377,619 in 2006, of which 292,741 were foreign nationals and 84,878 came from elsewhere in Colombia.
In July 2011, the archipelago received 23,000 more tourists than the previous year, in the same period. Furthermore, it has invested in hotel infrastructure 27,000 million.
Tourist attractions
Among the island's tourist attractions are:
- North End, known locally as the center of San Andres, which centralizes hotel, commercial, banking and government zones.
- The IsleÃÆ' Â ± a House Museum (Casa Museo isleÃÆ' Â ± a), made by the natives to introduce visitors to the culture and customs of the inhabitants.
- La Loma, a city inhabited almost entirely by island natives and one of the best places to appreciate traditional island architecture.
- Cayo Santander (or Coton Cay), located opposite the pier and close to San Andres Bay beach, whose name comes from British settlers there keeps cotton and coconut plants.
- The Cliff or PeÃÆ' Â ± on, the limestone formation around the airport, which is a rocky cliff about 30 meters above the airport.
- Cocoplumbay, a beach located in the town of San Luis, right in front of Cayo Rocoso, due to its shallow depth, with its white sands and blue sea blue, is a favorite place for tourists.
- La Piscinita, a natural formation that builds the ocean on the rocks that surround the island.
- Rocky Cay Beach, on the North side of the Island.
Flora and fauna
The island has a rich diversity of flora in the vast mangrove swamps, the largest mangrove forest on the island being the Park of the Old Mangrove Area. There are 12 red, black and white mangrove forests, rich with many species of flora and fauna that revitalize the ecosystem. There are also coconut trees, breadfruit trees, high growth of local trees, green and fertile pastoral land and farmland.
The bird species called San Andres vireo or St. Andrew vireo ( Vireo caribaeus ), which can also be found in Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands, like the habitat of shrubs and shrubs. It is a small, harmless, but fine, green bird in the Aves Passeriformes class of the Vireonidae family. Its length is about 5 inches (130 mm), weighing about 16-20 g, found in clutch size 2, and feeding on insects and fruits. IUCN has listed this species of birds under an endangered list. Its habitat has been threatened by a massive expansion of island land for the development of the capital in recent decades. It is reported that the habitat of these birds is now limited to about 18 km 2 (6.9Ã, sqÃ, mi) areas in the southern part of the island. The distinguishing sound feature (song feature) is a single note repeated 2-20 times. To protect this local species, it has been suggested that mangrove swamps on the island are declared protected areas. Another bird found in abundance on the island is a white-winged dove ( Zenaida asiatica ).
Sejumlah sub-spesies burung endemik ke pulau itu. Ini termasuk
- manguga daughter-breasted Anthracothorax prevostii hendersoni
- Black-whiskered vireo Vireo altiloquus canescens
- Mockingbird tropis Mimus gilvus magnirostris
- Pedang Kuning (Emas) Setophaga petechia flavida
- Bananaquit Coereba flaveola oblita
- Broken berwajah hitam Tiaris bicolor grandior
The aqua fauna species found here are oysters and crabs. Coral species found in island islands are: cuerno de Venado, cuervo de arce, coral columna, brain coral, LÃÆ'¡tigo coral, star reef, fan rock, finger reef and pluma coral.
The only wild mammal that has been recorded from San Andrà © s is the bat Artibeus jamaicensis.
Settlements
Populations are grouped around several residential areas. San AndrÃÆ'Â © s, known locally as El Centro, is the largest city, as well as the island's most developed commercial and tourism center. It is located at the north end and is the capital of the department. Administration departments, trades, banks, some hotels and airports are located in this area.
A smaller village, La Loma, is populated by natives of the island and is in the center of the island. His traditional fame was that of the Baptist Church founded in 1847. The church was rebuilt with pine wood imported from Alabama. The Baptist church is built along the main road to La Loma, which serves as a beacon for delivery. Situated on a hilltop, La Loma provides a beautiful view of the "seven colored sea" (Caribbean Sea).
On the east coast of the island is San Luis, which is a small tourist town. It is famous both as a tourist spot and for stretch of impressive white sand beach. Traditional wooden houses are also located on the beach, spread over a 3 km (1.9 mi) stretch. Here, too, since seawater is generally quiet (only occasionally rough), snorkeling is a popular sporting activity. It used to be a port for coconut exports.
Culture
Spanish is the main language. However, until the 1970s, English, architecture and religion were very much part of the island's culture with the locals who spoke the creole. This culture is called the Raizal culture of the Afro-Caribbean ethnic group. Today it is more a fusion of Latin American and British-Caribbean cultures witnessed on the island. Other minority groups living on the island are Chinese and the Middle East.
San Andres is also famous for its local music version which includes calypso, soca, reggae and church music. Concerts are held every year in May at the Old Coliseum during the "Green Festival". The celebrations and other events held on the island are celebrations of the Independence Day on July 20th and the "Coconut Queen" festival ( Reinado del Coco ) held in November.
- Religion
The inhabitants of the Protestant majority island, with Baptists being the most common. Other religious groups, including Seventh Day Adventists, Roman Catholics, Muslims, and Jews are also present on the island.
- Attractions
The island of San Andrà ©, which attracts a large number of visitors, has many points of interest. Some important ones are: La Loma with its Baptist Church, a small burrow at Hoyo Soplador, snorkeling at La Piscinita, San Luis white beach, coral island of Johnny Cay, Swimming, Haynes Cay, Morgan Caves, West View and Acuaro from the beach known for its dive center. The small Cay at San Andres Bay is said to be the most visited place on the islands. El Cove ("bay") provides the island's deepest mooring facilities. Diving is a popular water sport on the island. Water depths varying in the 3-30 meter range (9,8-98,4Ã, ft) having visibility of 10-30 meters (33-98Ã, ft) are favorable conditions for diving. The underwater formations seen during diving are of three types namely, seaweed walls and small coral reefs, large clusters of various coral species, and undersea plains with much marine life. Diving lessons are provided by some sports agents.
La Piscinita, located in the western part of the island has a calm sea that allows snorkeling activities. This site has abundant fish resources. Hoyo Soplador is located at the southern tip of the island. A geyser emerges from the ocean to a height of 20 meters (66 feet), emerging from a hole in the rock. This phenomenon is only seen at certain times of the year when waves and wind direction support such actions. It is also the center of the annual International Surfing Competition. The Pond, also called La Laguna ("Big Pond"), is located on a hill, 400 meters (1,300 feet) long and 250 meters wide (820 feet) wide. The source of clean water comes from rainfall and the depth of the lake is 30 meters (98 feet). It has a rich biodiversity of white cranes, doves, palm trees and fruit trees. Small crocodile species are also seen here. The Morgan Cave, named after the personal name of Welsh Henry Morgan, is the location where he allegedly hides his treasure. The cave is approached through the bottom of the water. There is also a museum here. Sea water aquarium here has a nice Caribbean sea life view. West View, as the name implies, has a depth of 3-10 meters (9.8-32.8 ft) and is a favorite place for snorkeling, swimming and diving.
- Sport
Held on Saturday, the horse race is a weekly event, even if only two horse races. Cockfighting, more popular on the island than in English football, is considered a traditional sporting event rather than animal cruelty. Also, there are three small capacity stadiums in the city center, each for a different sport: softball, soccer and baseball. This sport is also widely practiced by islanders in many areas of the island, especially in the south. The football team participates in the Copa Claro.
Transportation
With the establishment of an airport on the island in the north, transport services from the mainland of Colombia usher in the economic development of the island, especially in the city of San Andres. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport has aviation services offered by Avianca, LAN Colombia, Colombia Copa, Viva Colombia, TACA and Satena to BogotÃÆ'¡, MedellÃÆ'n, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, San Josà ©  © (Costa Rica) and Providencia; Copa offers flights from Panama City. There are also charter flights offered by Air Transat from MontrÃÆ' © al-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport during the winter.
However, the sea route to visit the island is only by cruise ship (3-4 day trip). There is no passenger service to the island, although several cargo ships carry several passengers. The island also has an asphalt road network connecting the main ring road, which is 30 kilometers (19 miles) long. A tourist train (an improvised tractor with trainers) also operates within the island. Boat services are also available on the island to visit various small towns and other locations that attract tourists along the coastline.
References
Bibliography
- Dydy? sk, Krzysztof (2003). Colombia . Lonely Planet. ISBNÃ, 0-86442-674-7 . Retrieved December 10, 2010 .
- Woods, Sarah (2008). Colombia . Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN: 1-84162-242-7. < span>
- Las fronteras azules de Colombia (1985 - Villegas Editores) Complete online book by Colombian photographer HernÃÆ'¡n DÃÆ'az.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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