Cecidomyiidae (sometimes misspelled "Cecidomyidae") is a family of flies known as bile peled or bile insects . As the name suggests, the larvae of most bile repellents feed on inside the plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls.
Cecidomyiidae is a very fragile small insect usually only 2-3 mm (0.079-0.118 inches) in length; the length is less than 1 mm (0.039 inches). They are characterized by feathered wings, unusual in the Diptera order, and have long antennae. More than 6,000 species and 783 genera are described worldwide, but since 1,100 are from well-researched North America, this is of course very disparaging, and recent DNA barcoding research estimates that Canadian fauna alone has more than 16,000 species, the shocking global number of more than 1 million unexplained cecidomyiid species, which would make it the single most speciose family in the entire animal kingdom.
Video Cecidomyiidae
Description
Cecidomyiidae is minute to small (0.5-3.0 mm), rarely larger (up to 8 mm long, 15 mm wings) flying with a smooth appearance. Except for some genera with reduced wings, the eyes are holoptic. Her mouth was reduced. Cecidomyiid antenna is very long, with 12-14 segments, (sometimes fewer and up to 40 in some genera). The antennal segment consists of a thickening of the basal and the petiole or they are binodal, with the proximal nodes, the middle petiole and the distal nodes. Basal, medial, and apical whorls of hair occur on antenna segments. In some species, loop circle loop filaments are also found, basal or medial sometimes reduced. Some bile flies have only one (basal) whorl of hair on the antenna segment, and sensoria (transparent sensory auxiliaries) differ in size and shape. The filaments resemble the threads in Porricondylinae and in all Cecidomyiinae and take the form of long loops in the Cecidomyiidi supertribe). Ocelli is only in Lestremiinae. The wings are clear, rarely patterned. The microtrichia bear wings, often as scales, and some species have macrotrichia. The number of longitudinal veins is reduced. Only R1, R4 5, M3 4 and Cu1 veins develop well in most species. The medial veins of M1 and M2 are developed only in the primitive group, and the costa usually has a break outside of the R5 vein. Legs long and slender, without apical hair.
Male genitalia consists of gonocoxites, gonostyles, aedagus, and tertites 9 and 10. Lower (in an evolutionary sense) bile flies often have sclerotized parameres and more or more transparent plates (tegmen) located above theaedeagus-the tegmen. In higher bile flies, parameres and tegmen are not developed. In this case, in contrast, close to the aedeagus, is a triangular basal growth of gonococcus called gonosterna. A support structure called apodema is located near the base of the genitalia in males; this is often equipped with two growths. Ovipositor short, lamelliform, or long, move, and on some species, acicular.
Larvae are peripneustic. Its head is small, cone-shaped, and has two posterolateral extensions. Her mouth is reduced, with a minute stiliform mandible. The relatively prominent antenna is two segments. Setae or integral papillae are important in the taxonomy because the numbers are constant in the group. Prothorax has a sclerotized sternal spatula (at most). Anus is a terminal in Lestremiinae and paedogenetic in Porricondylinae and ventral in other groups. The cocoon is exarate (in some species it is covered in instars of the last instar larvae). The anterior angle and anterior anterior anterior angle stand out (mostly).
Maps Cecidomyiidae
Biology
Many are economically important, especially the Hessian flies, the wheat pest, because the galls cause severe damage. Other important pests of this family are the wheat growing in the midst of Sitodiplosis mosellana , the asian rice bum ( Orseolia oryzae ) and the African rice cork O. oryzivora . Other pests are midge of coffee flowers ( Dasyneura coffeae ), bile mole of soybean, (i) Asphondylia yushimai ) middle pin pine needle ( Thecodiplosis japonensis ), lentils of midge flower ( Contarinia lentis ), lucerne flower midge ( C medicaginis ), and alfalfa bud midge ( Dasineura ignorata ) in the Leguminosae; midge of black tree mantis ( Obolodiplosis robiniae ), midge swede ( Contarinia nasturtii ), and brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae ) in Cruciferae; pear midge ( Contarinia pyrivora ) and raspberry sugarcane midge ( Resseliella theobaldi ) in fruit crops; ficifolii horidiplosis on ornamental figs, and bile rosette ( Rhopalomyia solidaginis ) on the goldenrod rod, Porrcondylini spp. at Citrus , Lestremia spp. on sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes, ginger, garlic, onions, taro tubers, and potatoes, Lestodiplosis spp., Acaroletes spp. and Aphidoletes spp. on citrus, Lestodiplosis spp., Acaroletes spp., and Aphidoletes spp. on oranges, and Arthrocnodax spp. on the lime.
A large number of bile species are the natural enemies of other plant pests. Their larvae are predatory, and some are reported as parasites. The most common prey is aphids and spider mites, followed by scale insects, then other small prey such as white flies and thrips, which feed on insect eggs or other mites. Since the larvae are not able to move far enough, a sufficiently large prey population must be present before the eggs spawn, and Cecidiomyiidae is most commonly seen during pest attacks. One species, Aphidoletes aphidomyza , is an essential component of the biological control program for greenhouse plants and is widely sold in the United States. In South Africa, Dasineura rubiformis has been deployed against the Australian invasive Acacia species.
Cecidomyiids are also known for the peculiar phenomenon of paedogenesis in which the larval stage reproduces without the first maturity. In some species, female larvae consume the mother, while on the other, reproduction occurs later in the egg or pupa.
The parasitoids are administered by Cecidomyiidae, thus limiting the population of bile midons including Braconidae (Opiinae, Euphorinae) and the kalkoid wasps to the Eurytomidae family, Eulophidae, Torymidae, Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae, Trichogrammatidae, and Aphelinidae. All contain species that are actual or potential biolological agents.
See also
- New Rice for Africa
References
Further reading
Economy
- Barnes, H.F. 1946a. Gall exorcist from economic interests . Vol. I: bile root rake and vegetable crops. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1946b. Gall exorcist from economic interests . Vol. II: bile tug of animal feed crop. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1948a. Gall exorcist from economic interests . Vol. III: bile repellent fruit. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1948b. Gall exorcist from economic interests . Vol. IV: bile of ornamental plants and shrubs. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1949. Gall repellent of important economic values ​​. Vol. VI: bile jolts from various plants. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1951. Gall exorcists from economic interests . Vol. V: bile trees. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London.
- Barnes, H.F. 1956. Gall repellent of important economic value . Vol. VII: repellent of wheat gum from cereal plants. Crosby Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London. 261 p.
- Nijveldt, W. 1969. Bile of important economic boosters . VIII: bile tug - vary. Crosby, Lockwood & amp; Son Ltd., London
- Jahn, GC, and B. Khiev. 2004. Garu midge in Cambodian lowland rice. pp.Ã, 71-76. In J. Benett, JS Bentur, IC Pasula, K. Krishnaiah, [eds]. A new approach to bile resilience in rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop, 22-24 November 1998, Hyderabad, India.
- Los BaÃÆ' Â ± os (Philippines): The International Institute of Rice Research and the Agricultural Research Council of India. 195 p.Ã, ISBNÃ, 971-22-0198-8
- Heong, KL, YH Chen, DE Johnson, GC Jahn, M Hossain, Hamilton Hospital. 2005. More Debate of GM Rice Trial in China. Letter. Science, Vol 310, Issue 5746, 231-233, October 14, 2005.
- Huang, J., Ruifa Hu, Scott Rozelle, Carl Pray. 2005. GM Rice Insects on Farmers: Assessing Productivity and Health Effects in China. Science (April 29, 2005) Vol. 308. no. 5722, pp.Ã, 688 - 690. doi: 10.1126/science.1108972
Taxonomy
- Mohn, E. 1966-1971. Cecidomyiidae (= Itonididae). Cecidomyiinae (part). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.) Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region 2 (2): 1-248.
- Yukawa, J. (1971) A Revision of the Japanese Guard Gada (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Memoirs from the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 8: 1-203.pdf
External links
Data related to Cecidomyiidae in Wikispecies
- Wiki Hama Information
- Images Diptera.info
- Family Cecidomyiidae in EOL images
- Description and family picture
- Aphidoletes aphidimyza and biological control
- image
- Gall Midge Resistant Lowland Rice Varieties: Ketan Varieties for Lao PDR
- Fungus Gnats Online
- African Rice Gall Midge
- on the UF/IFAS Feature Creatures website *
- Dasineura oxycoccana , blueberry gall midge
- Feltiella acarisuga , a violent bitter intruder
- Prodiplosis longifila , orange bile midge
- Taxodiomyia cupressiananassa , cypress bile thorn
- CAB International Invasive species summary
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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