Bar, Montenegro

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Bar (Montenegrin Cyrillic: ???, pronounced [bÃÆ' Â ¢ r] ) is a coastal city and harbor in southern Montenegro. It is the capital of Bar Municipality and the center of tourism. According to the 2011 census, the city has 17,649 inhabitants, while the total population of Bar Town is 42,068 inhabitants.

Video Bar, Montenegro

Etymology

The Bar is a short form of the Antivariate , which comes from a city location across the Adriatic Sea from Bari, Italy. Variations in Italian, Antivariate/Antibari ; in Turkey, Bar ; in Albanian, Tivari or Tivar ; in Greek, ????????, ThivÃÆ'¡rion , ??????????, AntivÃÆ'¡rion ; in Latin, the Antibarium .

Maps Bar, Montenegro

History

Ancient times

Local archaeological finds are from the Neolithic period. It is assumed that Bar is mentioned as a reconstructed Roman fort, Antipargal , in the 6th century. The name Antibarium is quoted for the first time in the 10th century.

Medieval

In the 6th and 7th centuries, Slavs occupied the Balkans. Duklja, Slavic, or Serbian state, mentioned in the 10th century. Jovan Vladimir (ruler 1000 - 1016), of Skadarska Krajina is the first ruler of Duklja whose history is known. Stefan Vojislav (ruler 1018 - 1043), founder of Vojislavljevi? dynasty, defeating the Byzantines in battle on a hill near the Bar. He made the Bar the center of his power. Vojislav then expanded the area under his rule. Mihailo I of Duklja (ruler 1050 - 1081), son of Vojislav, established Antivari Archdiocese. He continued against the Byzantines to secure the city's independence. This led to the unity of countries known as the Great Kingdom of Serbia. From 1101 to 1166, the kingdom was ruled by Vukanovi? dynasty. However, for most of this time, the Bar was under Byzantine rule. In 1183, Stefan Nemanja conquered the Bar and remained under Serbian control under Nemanji? dynasty and until the fall of Despotate Serbia in 1459.

Venetian and Ottoman period

From 1443 to 1571, the area was governed by Venice. The bar (called Antivari by the Venetians, is part of Veneta Albania.It is a city state with its own emblem, flag, law, and mint.In 1571, the Ottomans seized the Bar and held the city until 1878. The archdiocese was preserved.One of the archbishops during this period was Andrija Zmajevi ?. Ottoman handed the Bar to Montenegro at the Berlin Treaty.

Modern era

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian scientist and pioneer in wireless telegraph, made a radio connection between Bar and Bari on August 30, 1904. In 1908, the first railroad in the Balkan section was operated. During World War I, on August 16, 1914, lightweight cruisers of the Austrian-Hungarian Navy Zenta and its accompanying destroyers were framed by the Bar by a very large French fleet (more than twelve warships) and in the ensuing battle of Antivari that Zenta sinks with many loss of life. The destroyer ran away.

In World War II, on 13 July 1941, an uprising against the Italian occupation forces in the Bar took place. In 1945, about 2,000 Albanians were killed in the Bar by the Communist Yugoslav Partisans. The bar was largely destroyed in World War II and rebuilt into a modern city.

In 1979, there was an earthquake that destroys Bar. Since then it has been rebuilt.

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Geography

Location

The bar is located on the western border of the coast of Montenegro on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is about 53 kilometers (33 miles) from Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. To the east is the largest lake in the Balkans, Skadar Lake. To the west, across the sea, is Italy.

Climate

The bar has a breeze blowing from the south about 88 days a year, mostly during winter. The southern breeze is very soft and warm but causes waves in the sea. Temperatures like in July - about 28 ° C (82 ° F). There are about 2160 sunny hours each year. In winter, the temperature drops to 10 Â ° C (50 Â ° F). In the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification, Bar has a Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) close to humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). There is only one summer with rainfall less than 40 millimeters (1.6 inches). Winter is cool and rainy, with an average height of 12.3 ° C (54.1 ° F) in January and low 4.3 ° C (39.7 ° F). Snow is very rare in bars, usually snow once in a few years. The highest snowfall occurred in January 2000, when 9 cm (3.5 inches) was measured. Summer is generally warmer, drier and brighter than winter. During summer, the highest temperatures are 27 to 28 ° C (81 to 82 ° F) and lowest 18 ° C (64 ° F). Rainfall is low during the summer months, although precipitation can still occur, with July averaging 4.5 days with measurable rainfall. Spring and fall are transitional seasons featuring light weather that is often wet and unpredictable. On average there are 2523 hours of sunshine per year, ranging from a low of 111.6 hours in December to a high of 350.3 hours in July.

Flora and fauna

The beach section of the Bar supports shrubs with oaks, holmak, laurel, myrtle, Spanish brooms, oleander, hawthorn, sloe, thorns, broom meat and asparagus. In the north and mountains, there are forests of oaks and beech forests. Citrus fruits include tangerines, oranges and lemons growing in the Bar area as well as pomegranates, olives, grapes, and figs. Ginkgo biloba grew up in the palace garden of King Nikola.

Skadar Lake is rich in bird life including pelicans. Game animals are found in Ostros, Rumija, Lisinj, Sutorman and Sozina and include rabbits, weasels, foxes, wolves and wild pigs. On the beach Bar, one finds various types of shells, snails, echinoderms, cephalopods and crayfish.

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Government

Demographics

Bar is the administrative center of Bar Municipality, which includes the town of Sutomore and other small coastal towns. The 2011 census recorded 42,048 people in Bar Municipality. City Bar has 17,727 inhabitants. The Bar population has increased from 6,742 in 1981 to 10,971 in 1991, 13,719 in 2003 and 17,727 in 2011.

Divisions and settlements

The municipality of Bar is divided into 12 communes ( mjesna zajednica ), comprising 83 settlements:

Ethnicity

Composition of municipal ethnicity in 2011:

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Religion

Churches and monasteries dating to the Bal era? I? families (14th and 15th centuries) located on the island of Skadar Lake including Be? ka, Mora? nik and Star? evo. This area is called the Holy Land of Montenegro .

• Star monastery? evo is located on Star island? evo at Skadar Lake. It comes from the period? Ur? E Bal? Me? Founded in 1377 by Father Makarije, who lived as a hermit on the island. ( Stars? ev means parent .) The monastery compound consists of the Church of the Mother of God Assumption, the accommodation building, the supporting structure and the surrounding wall with a gate and several sustained terraces. The monastery is the center of literacy, where many manuscripts are rewritten and many books are tied and decorated. Bo Tomb? Idar Vukovi? from Podgorica, a printer, is located in this monastery. After the reconstruction of part of the accommodation building, Star? Evo became once again a resident monastery and active.
• Mora Monastery? nik: Located on the island of Mora? nik on Skadar Lake. This was first mentioned in 1417, in the Charter Bal - a III. The monastery compound consists of a church dedicated to the Holy Mother of God, a building of accommodation, a dining room and a tall tower with four floors, surrounded by stone walls with monumental gates.
• Be? ka Monastery: Located in the middle of the island of Be? ka at Skadar Lake. The monastery consists of two churches: the larger one, dedicated to St.? Or? E (14th century), endowment? Ur? E II Stracimirovi? -Bal? I? and the smaller one dedicated to the Holy Mother of God (1440), Jelena Bal endowment? i? Be? Ka Monastery, and Star? Evo Monastery, famous for its intensive transcription activities. The Gori? Ka Anthology is written in this monastery. This is an educational religious transcript composed by Nikon Jerusalimac.
• The Krajina Virgin Monastery is an important monument in Montenegro. The ruins of the monastery and the church are dedicated to the Assumption of the Mother of God. The monument is located near Ostros, on the shores of Lake Skadar. The Church was first mentioned at the end of the 10th century in the The Chronicle of Priest Dukljan . The monastery was founded by Duke of Vladimir, the famous legend of his tragic love with the beautiful Kosara, the daughter of Tsar Samuilo of Macedonia. At one time, the monastery was the residence of the archbishop of Zeta. At the end of the 16th century, the monastery was completely destroyed. In the vicinity, in Ostros, there is a well from the year 1001, which is still used to supply water to local villagers.
• St. Archangel church in Donja Seoca on the shores of Lake Skadar.

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Economy

The Economy Bar relies on Bar Harbor, the Belgrade - Bar rail line and the Sozina tunnel. The Port of Bar is the most recognizable feature in this city. It occupies 3,100 m (10,170.60Ã, ft) seaside, 800 ha of land and 200ha aquatorium. It is capable of loading 5 million tons of goods each year. In 1976, the Belgrade - Bar railway opened. It makes the Adriatic coast accessible to tourists, and transport to Bar Harbor. The food company, Primorka has been operating in the Bar for over 50 years. This produces olive oil and pomegranate juice. There are 95,000 olive trees, about 80,000 lemon trees (lemon, orange, orange and grapefruit) in the city area. The subtropical cultural center, founded in 1937, is the oldest scientific institution in Montenegro. Tourism is also a major part of Bar's economy.

Transportation

The bar has a ferry line to Bari, Italy operated by Montenegro Lines. In season, the ferry also goes to Ancona, Italy. The bar is well connected with Montenegro inland, as well as with the rest of Montenegro beach. The Sozina tunnel, completed in 2006, shortened the road connection with Podgorica to about 50 km (31 mi). The bar is connected to other coastal towns with the Adriatic highway, which runs from Ulcinj to Herceg Novi, and to Croatia. The bar is also the last station of the Belgrade - Bar rail line, which connects the Bar with Podgorica, northern Montenegro and Serbia. Podgorica Airport is about 40 km (25 miles) from the Bar. There are regular flights to Beograd, Budapest, Zrich, Frankfurt, Ljubljana, Paris, Rome, and Vienna.

Tourism

Although there are some nice rocky beaches in the Bar itself, many travelers choose destinations in other small towns in the municipality of the Bar, especially Sutomore, with its beautiful sandy beaches. The natural areas around the Bar are largely untouched and rich in vegetation. The municipal bar extends to the south shore of the Skadar lake and covers the Krajina region. The whole area is perfect for recreational and hiking activities. Small settlements near the Bar, like Dobra Voda, Sutomore and? Anj, is a favorite destination for sunbathing, as they incorporate long sandy beaches.

Places of interest

• The Old Olive of Mirovica is said to be one of the oldest olive trees in Europe and one of the oldest trees in the world. In 1957, it was placed under state protection. Many legends and traditions are associated with trees. For example, the disputing family will come to the tree to make peace. This explains his name, Mirovica , mir which means peace .
• The Palace of King Nikola was built in 1885. It was a gift from King Nikola to his daughter Princess Zorka and her daughter-in-law, Prince Petar Kara? or? evi? Its construction included a large palace, a small palace, a chapel, a guard house and a winter garden. In 1910, a large ballroom was added. The botanical gardens have Mediterranean vegetation including cork trees. There is also a large flower garden in a stainless steel structure that looks interesting. it was a gift from King Emmanuel of Italy to King Nikola. Now is this restaurant called Knja? Eva ba? Ta ( The Duke's Garden ). In front of the palace, there is a wooden pier. Between 1866 and 1916, King Nikola had ten yachts. One of them, Sibil , was purchased from Jules Verne, a novelist. The last cruise ship purchased was Rumija . In 1915, it sank in the harbor Bar by the Austrian-Hungarian navy. The palace complex houses the Town Bar museum. It is also used as a venue for festivals, concerts, exhibitions, and literary events.
• Rumija Mountain Fortress
• Nehaj Fortress , partly preserved, located near the seaside town of Sutomore. It has been held by both Venetians and Ottoman Turks. It was first recorded as Fortezza dei Spizi of the 16th century, a Venetian fortified city.
• Old Town Bar.
• Aqueduct Bar was built in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Beach

The Bar municipality has more than 44 kilometers (27 miles) from the sea shore. There are twenty beaches stretching 9 kilometers (6 miles). In the north is? Anj, which has a sandy beach 1,100 meters (3,600 feet). A boat takes tourists from? Anj to Kralji? Ina Pla? A. It lies beneath the natural walls of sedimentary rocks. Further south is the 300 meters (980 feet) Maljevik Beach. The beach at Sutomore, 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) in length, has a variety of entertainment, activities and restaurants. Near the medieval monastery of Ratac is Crvena Pla? A, named after its fine sand color. The beach is surrounded by a pine forest and is located about a hundred m from the main road to the Bar. Just north of the central business district of Bar is ukotrlica Beach 1,200 meters (3,900 ft)? It is a pebble beach, surrounded by pine forests and diverse Mediterranean vegetation. Bar Gradska Pla? A is located in front of King Nikola's palace. The length is 750 meters (2,460 feet), part gravel and some sand. 10 kilometers (6 miles) south of Central Bar is Veliki Pijesak along 380 meters (1,250 ft). Surrounded by numerous tourist facilities, restaurants and discos. On the border of the town of Bar and Ulcinj, in the village of Bu'on, there is Val Maslina with a nearby olive garden. There are also beaches on the shore of Lake Skadar including the beach of Muri village? I sandy and Pje? A? Air conditioning.

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Culture

Sports

The bar has over fifty sports clubs, and the association includes a chess club. There are many sports facilities in the hotel and Bar School. In the city center, most facilities are at the Sports and Recreation Center. Water sports such as diving are very popular. Sports tourism is promoted for its proximity to the sea and the lake. Bar hosted the FIBA ​​Championship â € <â € Festivals and events

• Summer with the stars is an annual music festival held in July and August at King Nikola's Walk. The Tourist Bar organization sponsored a music concert with singers from Montenegro and the former Yugoslav republic.
• The bike race is an annual competition in early May and September.
• International athletic meetings are held every May Day in Majarica.
• Crmnica Games is held on weekends from mid-July to mid August in Virpazar.
• Agricultural Events are held annually in early September in Virpazar to promote local products.
• The tourism event Zagradje is held annually in July and August in Zagrade.
• The Lake Skadar Ecology, Tourism and Culture Day is held annually in July, in Muri? i.
• The Mrkojevi? family day held in the last week of July, in Pe? urice as a celebration of the culture and traditions of the region.
• The Bar Guitar Fest is the annual meeting of guitar teachers and musicians held in January.
• Olive Festival is held in the old town of Bar.
• Wine and Bleak Festival was held in December, in Virpazar.
• The Old Olive Tree Gathering has been held every November since 1987. It celebrates children's work and works for children. Children are represented in literature and art with the theme of Olive, Peace and Friendship.
• Port Cup is an annual international volleyball tournament for women starting in 1992.
• The Marathon Bar is a swimming race held at the Bar in August. Contestants swim 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) between Hotel Sozina, Sutomore and Hotel Topolica, at the Bar. The show started in 1988.
• The Chronicle of Bar is an annual summer multimedia festival with theater plays, art exhibitions, literary events and concerts and the Mediterranean Book Fair. It started in 1988.
• The International Television Festival has been held every November since 1995 to celebrate the television art.

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Famous people

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International relations

Twin towns - twin cities

The bar is a twin and twin city with:

• Bor , Serbia
• ShkodÃÆ' Â «r , Albanian
• Ulcinj , Montenegro
• Bari , Italy
• Nuremberg , Germany

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References

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Source

• ?????, ?????, ed. (1928). ??????? ???? ????????? (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja) . ??????? - ??????: ?????? ????????? ?????????. < span>
• ??????, ??????? (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum . 1 . ??????? - ??????: ?????????? ????????, ???????? ??????.
• ????????, ????? (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum . 2 . ??????? - ??????: ?????????? ????????, ???????? ??????.

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External links

• The official site of the municipality Bar (in Montenegro)
• News site for Bar
• Tourist Bar Organization
• Old Bar Fortress-City
• Tourist Attraction Bar

Source of the article : Wikipedia