schools are institutions designed to provide learning and learning environments for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers. Most countries have a formal education system, which is usually mandatory. In this system, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below) but generally include elementary schools for children and secondary schools for teenagers who have completed basic education. An institution where higher education is taught, generally called a college or university.
In addition to these core schools, students in certain countries may also attend school before and after primary and secondary education. Kindergartens or preschools provide some schools for very young children (usually ages 3-5). Universities, vocational schools, colleges or seminaries may be available after high school. Schools may be dedicated to one particular area, such as an economy school or a dance school. Alternative schools can provide non-traditional curricula and methods.
There are also non-government schools, called private schools. Private schools may be needed when the government does not provide adequate, or specialized, education. Other private schools can also be religious, such as Christian schools, madrassas, hawka (Shi'i schools), yeshiva (Jewish schools), and others; or schools that have higher educational standards or seek to foster other personal achievements. Adult schools include corporate training institutions, military education and training and business schools.
At home and school schools online, teaching and learning takes place outside of traditional school buildings. Schools are usually organized in several different organizational models, including departments, small learning communities, colleges, integrated, and school-in-school.
Video School
Etymology
The word school comes from the Greek ????? ( schol? ), originally meant "free time" and also "where time spare used ", but then" group given lecture, school ".
Maps School
History and development
The concept of grouping of students together in a central location for learning has existed since the Classical era. Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece (see Academy), ancient Rome (see Education in Ancient Rome) ancient India (see Gurukul), and ancient China (see History of education in China). The Byzantine Empire has an established school system starting from the ground level. According to Traditions and Encounters , the establishment of the basic education system began in 425 AD and "...... military personnel usually have at least a basic education...". The sometimes efficient and often enormous Empire Government means that educated citizens are a necessity. Though Byzantium lost much of the splendor of Roman culture and luxury in the process of survival, the Empire emphasized efficiency in its warfare manual. The Byzantine educational system continued until the collapse of the empire in 1453 AD.
In Western Europe, a large number of cathedral schools were established during the Early Middle Ages to teach pastors and future administrators, with the oldest remaining cathedral schools, and continue to operate, the School of Kings, Canterbury (founded in 597 AD), Kings School, Rochester ( founded 604 AD), St. Peter's School, York (founded in 627 AD) and Thetford Grammar School (founded in 631 AD). Beginning in the 5th century CE monastic schools are also established throughout Western Europe, teaching both religious and secular subjects.
Islam is another culture that develops the school system in the modern sense of the word. Emphasis is given to knowledge, which requires a systematic way of teaching and disseminating knowledge, and structures built on purpose. At first, the mosque combined both religious activity and learning activities, but in the ninth century, madrassas were introduced, independently constructed schools of mosques, such as al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859 CE. They were also the first to create the Madrasah system into the public domain under the control of the Caliph.
Under Ottoman rule, cities in Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning. The Ottoman system of KÃÆ'¼lliye, a building complex containing a mosque, hospital, madrasah, and a common kitchen and dining area, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to the wider public through free food, health care and sometimes free accommodation.
In Europe, the university appeared in the 12th century; here, scholasticism is an important tool, and academics are called school children . During the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the primary purpose of the school (as opposed to the university) was to teach Latin. This leads to the term school grammar, which in the United States informally refers to primary school, but in the UK it means schools that choose migrants based on ability or talent. After this, the school curriculum is gradually expanded to include literacy in local languages ​​as well as technical, artistic, scientific and practical subjects.
The presence of the school must become common in parts of Europe during the 18th century. In Denmark-Norway, this was introduced as early as 1739-1741, the primary purpose being to increase the literacy of almue, the "common man." Many previous public schools in the United States and elsewhere are one-room schools where a teacher teaches seven classes of boys and girls in the same class. Beginning in the 1920s, single-room schools were consolidated into several classroom facilities with transportation provided by children and school buses.
Regional terms
The use of the term school varies by country, as do the names of different levels of education in that country.
English and Commonwealth of Nations
In the UK, the term school primarily refers to pre-university institutions, and this can, for the most part, be divided into pre-school or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into school babies and junior high school), and high school. Various types of secondary schools in England and Wales include grammar schools, comprehensive, modern secondary, and municipal academies. In Scotland, while they may have different names, all secondary schools are the same, except that they can be funded by the state, or independently funded (see next paragraph). It is not clear whether the "Academy", which is a hybrid between independently funded and independently controlled state and school and has been introduced to the UK in recent years, will ever be introduced to Scotland. School performance in Scotland is monitored by Her Majesty's Education Inspectorate. Ofsted reported a performance in England and Estyn reported a performance in Wales.
In the UK, most schools are publicly funded and are known as state schools or managed schools where tuition is provided free of charge. There are also private schools or independent schools that charge a fee. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools, a use that can be confusing for North American English speakers. In use in North America, public schools are publicly funded or run.
In many Commonwealth countries, including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term school primarily refers to pre-university institutions.
India
In ancient India, schools were in the form of Gurukul. Gurukul is a traditional school of Hindu settlement learning; usually a teacher's house or a monastery. During the Mughal reign, Madrasahs were introduced in India to educate children from Muslim parents. The English notes show that indigenous education was widespread in the 18th century, with schools for every temple, mosque or village in most parts of the country. Subjects taught include Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Theology, Law, Astronomy, Metaphysics, Ethics, Medical Sciences and Religion.
Under British rule in India, Christian missionaries from Britain, the United States and other countries set up missionary and dormitory schools across the country. Then after these schools gain popularity, more starts and some get prestige. These schools mark the beginning of a modern school in India and the syllabus and calendar they follow serve as a benchmark for schools in modern India. Currently most schools follow the model of missionary schools in terms of tutoring, subject/syllabus, governance, etc. With small changes. Schools in India range from schools with large campuses with thousands of students and huge fees to schools where children are taught under trees with a small/non-existent campus and are completely free of charge. There are various school boards in India, namely the Central Council for Secondary Education (CBSE), the Council of Indian School Certificate Exams (CISCE), the Madrasah Board from various states, the Matriculation Board from various states, the State Council of various boards, Anglo India Boards, etc. Usually today's syllabus covers Language, Mathematics, Science - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, General Knowledge, Information Technology/Computer Science etc. Extra curricular activities include physical/sports education and cultural activities such as music, choreography, painting, theater/drama etc.
Europe
In many continents Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with the last elementary school between four and nine years, depending on the country. This also applies to secondary education, with high schools often shared between the gymnasium and vocational schools, which again depends on the country and type of school educating students for between three and six years. In Germany, students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to go directly to vocational schools, but should continue to one of Germany's public education schools such as Gesamtschule, Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium. When they leave the school, which usually occurs at the age of 15-19 they are allowed to continue to vocational school. The term school is rarely used for higher education, except for some top top or high schools (Germany: Hochschule), which describes colleges and universities.
In modern Eastern European schools (after World War II), both primary and secondary education, often combined, while secondary education may be divided into achievable or not. Schools are classified as public education secondary schools and for technical purposes including the educational "degree" they provide from the three available: the first - the primary, the second - the unfinished secondary school, and the third - successfully completed. Usually the first two levels of education (eight years) are always included, while the latter (two years) provide an option for students to pursue vocational or specialist education.
North America and the United States
In North America, the term school can refer to any educational institution at any level, and includes all of the following: preschools, kindergartens, elementary schools, secondary schools (also called secondary schools or junior high school, depending on specific age group and geographic area), high school (or in some cases high school), colleges, universities, and graduate schools.
In the United States, school performance through high school is supervised by each state education department. Charter schools are publicly funded primary or secondary schools that have been exempt from some rules, regulations and laws applicable to other public schools. The terms grammar school and grade school are sometimes used to refer to primary school.
Africa
In West Africa, the term school may refer to a "bush" school, a Koran school, or an internship. These schools include formal and informal learning.
The Bush School is a training camp that passes on their students' cultural skills, traditions and knowledge. Bush schools are semi-similar to traditional western schools because they are separated from the larger community. These schools are located in forests outside towns and villages, and spaces used only for these schools. Once students arrive in the forest, they are not allowed to leave until their training is over. Visitors are completely banned from this area. Instead of being separated by age, Bush's schools are separated by gender. Women and girls are not allowed to enter the boys' school area and vice versa. Boys receive training in cultural craft, fighting, hunting, and community law among other subjects. The girls are trained in their own version of the boy buck school. They practice housekeeping such as cooking, parenting, and how to be a good wife. Their training is focused on how to be a decent woman by social standards.
The school of the Qur'an is the main way of teaching the Qur'an and the knowledge of the Islamic faith. These schools also encouraged literacy and writing during colonial times. Today, the emphasis is on different levels of reading, recalling, and reciting the Qur'an. Attending a Koran school is how children become members of a recognized Islamic faith. Children often attend public schools and schools of the Qur'an. In Mozambique, in particular, there are two types of Qur'anic schools. They are tarekat and Wahhabi-based schools. What makes these schools different is who controls them. Schools of the tarekat are controlled at the local level while the Wahhabis are controlled by the Islamic Council. In the school system of the Qur'an, there is a level of education. Starting from the level of basic understanding, called chuo and kioni in the local language, to the most advanced called ilimu.
Ownership and operations
Many schools are owned or funded by the state. Private schools operate independently from the government. Private schools typically rely on the costs of families whose children go to school to raise funds; However, sometimes such schools also receive government support (eg, through School vouchers). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; this is known as parochial school.
Start school
The Toronto District School Board is an example of a school board that allows parents to design and propose new schools.
When designing schools, the factors that need to be decided include:
- Purpose: What is the purpose of education, and what is the role of the school?
- Government: Who will make the decision?
- Parental involvement: In what way are parents accepted at school?
- Student body: Is that, for example, a neighborhood school or a special school?
- Student behavior: What behavior is acceptable, and what happens when behavior is inappropriate?
- Curriculum: What will be the curriculum model, and who will decide the curriculum?
Most school components
School is an organized space that aims to teach and learn. Classrooms, where teachers teach and students learn, are very important. Classrooms can be devoted to specific subjects, such as laboratory classrooms for science education and workshops for industrial arts education.
Public schools have many other rooms and areas, which may include:
- Cafeteria (Commons), dining room or cafeteria where students eat lunch and frequent breakfast and snacks.
- Athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track place where students participate in sports or physical education exercises
- School gardens, the multipurpose playground in elementary school, are often made of concrete, although some are converted into eco-friendly teaching gardens by landscape artists such as Sharon Gamson Danks.
- The auditorium or theatrical production hall and student music can be staged and where all school events such as meetings are held
- The office where the school administration work is finished
- Libraries where students ask librarian reference questions, check books and magazines, and often use computers
- Computer lab where computer-based work is done and the internet is accessed
Security
Main article : School safety
The security of staff and students is increasingly a problem for the school community, a problem most schools face through increased security. Some also take steps such as installing metal detectors or video surveillance. Others have even taken steps such as asking children to swipe their ID cards when they board a school bus. For some schools, this plan includes the use of door numbering to aid public security responses.
Other security issues facing schools include bomb threats, gangs, vandalism, and bullying.
Healthcare
School health services are services from medical, teaching and other professionals applied inside or outside schools to improve the health and well-being of children and in some cases, the whole family. These services have been developed in different ways around the world but the basics are constant: early detection, correction, prevention or repair of diseases, disability and abuse from which school-aged children can suffer.
School and online classes
Some schools offer remote access to their classes via the Internet. Online schools can also provide support for traditional schools, as in the case of School Net Namibia. Some online classes also provide experience in the classroom, so when people take them, they have been introduced to the subject and know what to expect, and even more classes provide college/college credits that allow people to take their own classes of pace. Many online classes need money to be taken but some are offered for free.
Internet-based long distance learning programs are widely offered through many universities. Instructors teach through online activities and tasks. Online classes are taught the same as physically being in a class with the same curriculum. Instructors offer syllabuses with fixed requirements like other classes. Students can divert their assignments to the instructor by deadline. It's through via email or on web pages only. This allows students to work at their own pace, but meet the correct deadlines. Students who take online classes have more flexibility in their schedules to take their classes at a time that works best for them. Conflict by taking online classes may include not dealing directly with the instructor while studying or being in the environment with other students. Online classes can also make content understanding difficult, especially when it can not connect quickly with the instructor. Online students have the advantage of using other online sources with assignments or exams for that particular class. Online classes also have the advantage of students who do not have to leave their homes for the morning class or worry about their presence for that class. Students can work at their own pace to learn and achieve within the curriculum.
The convenience of home study has become an exciting main point to register online. Students can attend classes wherever a computer can go - at home, library, or when traveling abroad. Online school classes are designed to fit your needs, while allowing you to continue working and taking care of your other obligations. Online schooling is divided into three sub-categories: Primary School Online, Online Secondary School, Online Secondary School.
Stress
As a profession, teaching has a work-related stress level (WRS) which is one of the highest professions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The level of the problem is increasingly recognized and support systems are running. Teacher education increasingly recognizes the need to train those new to the profession to realize and address the mental health challenges they may face.
Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, to the point where students are prescribed stress medications. This stress is claimed to be associated with standardized testing, and pressure on students to score above average. View Cram school .
According to a 2008 mental health study by the Associated Press and mtvU, eight out of 10 college students say they sometimes or often experience stress in their daily lives. This represents a 20% increase from the previous five-year survey. 34 percent felt depressed at some point in the past three months, 13 percent had been diagnosed with mental health conditions such as anxiety disorder or depression, and 9 percent had seriously considered suicide.
Discipline to students
Schools and their teachers are always under pressure - for example, pressure to cover the curriculum, to perform well compared to other schools, and to avoid the "soft" or "pampering" stigma of students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students can speak, and normalized behavior, such as raising a hand to speak, are imposed on behalf of greater efficiency. Critical pedagogical practitioners argue that such disciplinary action has no positive impact on student learning. Indeed, some argue that disciplinary practice reduces learning, saying that they undermine the individual's dignity and student sense of self-esteem - the latter occupies a more central role in the hierarchy of student needs.
See also
- Bullying in teaching
- Educational technology
- List of colleges and universities by country
- School list by country
- School list of songs
- List of television series about school
- School music
- Schools and universities in literature
- Bullying school
- School stream to jail
- Student transport
- School uniform
- Teaching for social justice
- University prep school
- School year round
References
Further reading
- Dodge, B. (1962). ' Muslim Education in the Middle Ages, ', The Middle East Institute, Washington D.C.
- Education as Enforcement: Militarization and School Corporatization , edited by Kenneth J. Saltman and David A. Gabbard, RoutledgeFalmer 2003. Review.
- Makdisi, G. (1980). ' About the origins and development of universities in Islam and the West , in Islam and the Middle East, ed. Khalil I. Semaan, State University of New York Press.
- Nakosteen, M. (1964). ' History of Islamic origins of Western Education AD 800-1350 ', University of Colorado Press, Boulder.
- Ribera, J. (1928). ' Disertaciones Y Opusculos ', 2 vols, Madrid.
- Spielhofer, Thomas, Tom Benton, Sandie Schagen. "A study of the effect of school size and single sex education in English schools." Research Paper in Education , June 2004: 133 159, 27.
- Toppo, Greg. "High-tech school security is on the rise." USA Today , October 9, 2006.
- Traditions and Meetings , by Jerry H. Bentley and Herb F. Ziegler.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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