A pedometer is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, which calculates every step a person performs by detecting a person's hand or hip motion. Because each person's distance spacing varies, informal calibration, performed by the user, is necessary if distance presentation is included in the desired long unit (as in kilometers or miles), although there is now a pedometer that uses electronics and software to automatically determine how one steps vary. Mileage (by walking or other means) can be measured directly by the GPS receiver.
Used initially by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as exercise counters and daily motivators. Often worn on belts and kept throughout the day, can record how many steps the user has taken that day, and thus kilometers or miles (distance = number of steps ÃÆ'â € "long steps). Some pedometers will also misread movements other than walking, such as bending to tie a person's shoes, or road bumps that occur while driving a vehicle, even though the most sophisticated device records fewer 'wrong steps' of this. Counter steps can give you the drive to keep up with yourself in getting fit and losing weight. A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to 8 kilometers (5.0 mi), is recommended by some as a benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among the experts. Thirty minutes of moderate walking equals 3,000-4,000 steps determined by the pedometer. Step Counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players, smartphones, and cell phones.
Video Pedometer
Usage
Pedometers can be a motivational tool for people who want to increase their physical activity. Various websites exist to enable people to track their progress; However, many will also find inserting their daily step count and the number of heartbeats to the calendar to be motivated as well. Pedometers have been shown in clinical studies to increase physical activity, and reduce blood pressure levels and body mass index. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in November 2007 concluded, "The results show that the use of pedometers is associated with a significant increase in physical activity and a significant decrease in body mass index and blood pressure."
The daily target of 10,000 steps was first proposed. The target has been recommended by the US Surgeon General and by the UK Department of Health. The main criticism for setting universal targets is that it can not be achieved for parents with mobility problems or people with chronic illness, but on the other hand, the target may be too low for children.
One criticism of a pedometer is that it does not record intensity, but this can be done by making time-limited steps (for example, 1000 steps in 10 minutes count as moderate exercise).
Maps Pedometer
History
Leonardo da Vinci envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications. In 1780 Abraham-Louis Perrelet of Switzerland created the first pedometer, measuring steps and distances while walking; it is based on its 1770 mechanism to turn a tortuous clock. A mechanical pedometer obtained from France was introduced in the US by Thomas Jefferson. It is unknown whether he modified the design; although this pedometer is widely attributed to Jefferson, evidence is difficult to obtain because he did not file a patent application on one of his inventions.
In 1965 a pedometer called manpo-kei (meaning "10,000 step meter" Japan: ??? ) is marketed in Japan by Y. Hatano. Y. Hatano promoted the "manpo-kei pedometer" from 1985, after his research was accepted as proving that 10,000 Steps a Day is the right balance of caloric intake and caloric expenditure based on activity to maintain a healthy body. Jiro Kato, who founded Yamasa Tokei Keiki Co., Ltd. in Tokyo, made an accurately recognized pedometer, and named it "manpo-meter" (then "manpo-kei", registered as a trademark of the company), which is claimed to be the first device in the world to measure the number of walks.
Technology
Technologies for pedometers include mechanical sensors and software for counting steps. The initial form uses a mechanical switch to detect a step along with a simple counter. If someone shakes this device, someone hears the main ball sliding back and forth, or the flashy pendulum stops as it sways. Today's advanced step counter relies on MEMS inertial sensors and advanced software for detecting steps. This MEMS sensor has a 1-, 2- or 3-axis acceleration detection. The use of MEMS inertial sensors allows more accurate step detection and fewer positive faults. The software technology used to interpret the inertial sensor output and "understand the accurate steps" varies greatly. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that in modern day life, such step counters are expected to calculate accurately in locations where users often carry their devices (attached to belts, pockets/pants, handbags, rucksacks).
Accuracy
The accuracy of step counters varies greatly between devices. Typically, the step counter is accurate at the running speed on a flat surface if the device is placed in its optimal position (usually vertically on the belt clip). Although traditional counter counters are affected dramatically when placed at different angles and locations, recent advances have made them stronger for non-ideal placement. However, most counters miscalculate steps when users drive a car or make other custom moves the device encounters throughout the day. This error accumulates for users with a moderate congestion to work. Accuracy also depends on the length of step entered by the user.
The best pedometer is accurate in  ± 5% error.
Integration in Personal Electronic Devices
Apple Products
Apple iPod Nano
Generation 5 and 6 iPod Nano by Apple has an integrated accelerometer.
Nike & amp; iPod
Apple and Nike, Inc. offers the Nike iPod Sports Kit, which uses motion sensors that match Nike shoes or in pockets worn on other brand shoelaces. Sensor communicates with iPhone (3GS or higher), iPod touch (2nd generation or higher), iPod nano (4th generation or higher), or special adapter to transmit sports information such as elapsed time, and calories burned.
Apple iPhone 5s
IPhone 5s is the first iPhone to contain Apple Motion Coprocessor which is symbolized by the M7 chip paired with the first 64-bit Apple ARM processor, Apple A7 SoC (System on a Chip). The separate addition always to the coprocessor allows the main CPU to snooze while tracking phone movements, through the use of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) consisting of an accelerometer, a MEMS gyroscope and a digital compass. This means that it will know when you are jogging or when you are in the car, and can take that information and store it without needing to drain the battery by running the main CPU. It can retrofit data to apps you download later on, which means any M7-enabled app that uses the new CoreMotion API will be able to provide you with information about recent training.
Apple iPhone 6
IPhone 6 and 6 Plus contain the next generation of Apple Motion Coprocessors with M8 motocycle processors, the chip is paired with a much better SoC SoC processor and obtains additional sensor input from the Bosch Sensortech Barometer that allows the M8 to feel the change. in elevation by changes in barometric pressure.
Apple iPhone 6s
The iPhone 6s and 6s Plus boost Apple Motion Coprocessors by adding them to the die of the new Apple A9 SoC processor. This saves space that enables a reduction in logic board size as well as reducing power usage in the phone. This chip is also the heart of the iPhone SE. Variant of the Apple A9, Apple A9X also incorporates an on-die M9 processor and pushes Apple iPad Pro.
Apple Apps Apple Watch
Apple Watch extends the capability of counting steps to Apple's first wearable device using an integrated accelerometer and gyroscope within the Apple S1 SIP (System in the package). Apple Watch works in parallel with connected iPhone to improve user's step count accuracy.
Fitbit
Fitbit is an ever-active electronic pedometer, which in addition to counting steps also displays mileage, rising height (through a number of flight count steps), calories burned, current intensity, and time of day. Worn in armbands at night, it is also intended to measure the length and quality of sleeping users. The inbuilt is a daily target, of 10,000 steps and 10 steps. Connected to USB with computer, user data is automatically uploaded and displayed via web-based profile page, which tracks historical data, which can be added food consumption data. Based on the activity users are given badges for daily steps and climbing targets, as well as a 'lifetime' award for the same. In the US and UK users can also download iOS or Android apps to record and display data. Most Fitbit devices estimate the distance traveled based on the calculated steps, the intensity of the steps and user profile data (particularly sex and height). Individuals can improve the accuracy of setting their step length by measuring and calibrating their average step length. Some of the higher end Fitbit models include additional features such as heart rate monitoring and GPS tracking.
Pedometer for Smartphone/MP3 player
Since most smartphones, iPod Touches, and some MP3 players are enhanced with integrated accelerometer, you can introduce the pedometer functionality to this device. This option is successfully realized by a number of smart phone application developers, enabling experienced smart smartphone owners to track the number of steps taken as well as the mileage and calories used.
NTT DoCoMo Fujitsu Pedometer Phone
It is the first integrated phone with an always pedometer that counts steps like a traditional pedometer. This sensor is made by ADI. The handset was introduced in Japan in 2004 and has sold over 3 million units.
Nokia Products
Nokia 5500 Sports phone
The Nokia 5500 Sports Phone uses an embedded 3-axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect user-captured steps. The pedometer application tracks the steps taken, the elapsed time and the mileage. However the app can not run continuously because it drains the battery of the phone and therefore its use is limited.
Nokia Sports Tracker
Nokia Sports Tracker features a pedometer for Nokia Symbian phones with Accelerometer. Accelerometers are included in the phone to store the correct orientation of the photos and to enhance the GPS positioning feature.
Nokia Step Counter
Nokia Step Counter is a free app available on Nokia Beta Labs that works on various Nokia N-Series phones. The pedometer application tracks the steps taken, the elapsed time and the mileage. This app can be left running throughout the day as it does not drain the battery. Sony Ericsson W710 Walkman phone w580
The Sony Ericsson W710 and W580 walkman phones use an embedded 2-axis MEMS inertial sensor to detect user-captured steps. The W710 is a clamshell phone and displays the user steps on an external display. The W710 should be closed in order to calculate the steps. When the step counter is activated, it calculates the steps detected during the day, and at midnight stores the counters in the day-by-day history and resets them to zero.
Nintendo DS/Nintendo 3DS
On November 1, 2008, Nintendo released the title of Nintendo DS Personal Trainer: Walking ( Japan: , Aruite Wakaru Seikatsu Rhythm DS ) , which includes two pedometer. They connect to the game card via infrared signal.
On September 12, 2009, Nintendo released the Pokémon © mon HeartGold and SoulSilver in Japan. Each game is equipped with a device called the Pokémon walker, which acts as a pedometer and allows players to transfer one Pokémon mon from their game to a Pokémon walker via an infrared signal. Unlike the Personal Trainer pedaler: Walking , Pokémon mon walker has a small LCD screen and several buttons. Walking with Pokémon mon walker gain experience points for Pokémon mon.
Nintendo 3DS, released March 27, 2011, features an internal pedometer that calculates and records the number of daily steps while in sleep mode. Every hundred steps generates Coins Play, which can be used for various extras and bonuses. But this pedometer is easily fooled, and 'steps' can be made simply by lifting the device up and down in the hand in a movement similar to walking.
MP3 Playback Philips Activa Workout Monitoring
Released May 2010, by Philips. This MP3 capable measuring tool measures aerobic intensity and matches songs on playlists to keep users engaged and motivated.
Tractivity
Tractivity is a group of health-related services that include sensors used in shoes. Sensor Tractivity records the distance a person is walking or running, calories burned and the person's time is active, which they can then see on a personal web page. The online web application Tractivity provides a graphic experience and motivational source to encourage people to lead a healthier lifestyle. Tractivity accounts for variation in the length of a walker or runner step that occurs when speed changes. Sensors wirelessly transfer activity data to servers that are safe for viewing on individual computers.
Android
Android integrates step counters with version 4.4 (KitKat).
The device that already supports this sensor is Nexus 5. Another smartphone is the Samsung Galaxy S5, which features a built-in pedometer that uses S Health software to display the number of your daily steps.
References
External links
- VanWormer JJ (2004). "Pedometer and e-brief counseling: increasing physical activity for overweight adults". J Appl Behav Anal . 37 (3): 421-5. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-421. PMC 1284519 . PMID 15529901. Ã,
- Pedometer Information Sheet from the Alberta Center for Active Life
- Collection with old mechanical pedometer description
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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