Los Angeles

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Los Angeles ( US: Ã, ( listen ) Spanish for "The Angels"; Spanish: Ã, [ los' a? xeles] ; officially: Los Angeles City ; colloquial: with its initial LA ) is the second most populous city in the United States, after New York City. With an estimated population of 3.98 million, Los Angeles is the largest and densest city in the state of California and Southern California's cultural, financial and commercial center.

Los Angeles is located in a large basin bounded by the Pacific Ocean on one side and a 10,000 foot (3,000 m) mountains on the other. The right city, which covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km ² ), is downtown Los Angeles, the most populous county in the country. Los Angeles is the center of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, with the 13.1 million second largest population in the United States after New York City. It is part of the combined statistical area of ​​Los Angeles-Long Beach, also the second most populous in the country with an estimated population of 2015 of 18.7 million.

Historically home to Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan RodrÃÆ'guez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was officially established on 4 September 1781, by the Spanish Governor Felipe de Neve. It became part of Mexico in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican-American War, Los Angeles and all of California were purchased as part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement, becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was established as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California reached statehood. The discovery of oil in 1890 brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Waterway in 1913, delivering water from eastern California, then ensured rapid growth in the city.

Nicknamed "City of Angels" partly because of its Spanish name, Los Angeles is known for its extensive Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and metropolitan. The city is also one of the most substantial economic machines in the country, with a diverse economy in various professional and cultural fields. Los Angeles is also renowned as a Hollywood home, the world's premier entertainment center. A global city, ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index and 9th in the Global Economic Power Index. The merged statistical area of ​​Los Angeles also has a gross metropolitan product of $ 831 billion (in 2008), making it the third largest in the world, after the greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics and 1984 and will host the event for the third time in 2028.

Video Los Angeles

History

Pre-colonial period, up to 1771

The coastal area of ​​Los Angeles is completed by Tongva ( GabrieleÃÆ' Â ± os ) and the Chumash tribe. A Gabrielino settlement in the area is called iyÃÆ'¡ang? (written Yang-na by Spanish), which means "poisonous oak place."

Juan RodrÃÆ'guez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer, claimed the southern California area for the Spanish Empire in 1542 while on an official military exploration expedition moved north along the Pacific coast from previous colonization headquarters in New Spain in Central and South America. Gaspar de PortolÃÆ' and Franciscan missionary Juan CrespÃÆ', reached the present location in Los Angeles on August 2, 1769. Spanish period, 1771 to 1821

In 1771, Franciscan friars JunÃÆ'pero Serra led the construction of the Mission of San Gabriel Arcagós, the first mission in the area. On September 4, 1781, a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores" established the pueblo they called "El Pueblo de Nuestra SeÃ? Â ± ora la Reina de los ÃÆ' ngeles de PorciÃÆ'ºncula"; in English, it is translated as "The City of Our Lady, Queen of Angels Porciuncula". The Queen of the Angels (the feast of August 2) is an honor of the Virgin Mary; the city today still maintains the active Roman Catholic Diocese, and remains the largest archdiocese in the United States. Two thirds of the settlers are mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, native and European ancestors. This settlement remained a small farm town for decades, but by 1820, the population had risen to about 650 inhabitants. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.

Mexico Period, 1821 to 1847

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as part of Mexico. During the Mexican government, Governor PÃÆ'o Pico made the Los Angeles regional capital Alta California.

The American period, 1847 to date

The Mexican government ended during the Mexican-American War: Americans took control of Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Cahuenga Agreement on 13 January 1847.

The railroad arrived with the completion of the South Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876. Petroleum was discovered in the city and surrounding area in 1892, and in 1923, the invention has helped California to become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about a quarter of oil output earth of the world.

By 1900, the population had grown to over 102,000, putting pressure on the city's water supply. The completion of the Los Angeles Waterway in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city. Due to the clause in the city charter that effectively prevents the City of Los Angeles from selling or supplying water from a drain to any area outside its borders, many nearby towns and communities are being forced to annex themselves to Los Angeles.

Los Angeles created the first city zoning regulations in the United States. On September 14, 1908, the Los Angeles City Council announced a zone of utilization of industrial and residential land. The new ordinance establishes three residential zones of one type, where industrial use is prohibited. Proxies include granaries, wooden yard, and any industrial land use using machine-powered equipment. This law is applied to industrial property after the fact. This prohibition is in addition to existing activities that have been set up as a nuisance. These include warehousing of explosives, gas work, oil drilling, slaughterhouses, and leather tanning. The Los Angeles City Council also established seven industrial zones within the city. However, between 1908 and 1915, the Los Angeles City Council created exceptions to the broad ban imposed on these three residential zones, and as a consequence, some industrial uses emerged within it. There are two distinctions from the 1908 District District Act and later zoning laws in the United States. First, the 1908 legislation did not form a comprehensive zoning map such as the 1916 City Zoning Law of 1969. Second, the residential zone does not distinguish the type of housing: separate single-occupied apartments, hotels, and single-family housing.

In 1910, Hollywood joined Los Angeles, with 10 film companies already operating in the city at the time. In 1921, more than 80 percent of the world's film industry was concentrated in L.A. The money generated by the industry makes this city isolated from the many economic losses suffered by other countries during the Great Depression. By 1930, the population exceeded one million. In 1932, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

During World War II, Los Angeles was a major center of wartime manufacturing, such as shipbuilding and aircraft. The Calship ship builds hundreds of Liberty Ships and Victory Vessels on Terminal Island, and the Los Angeles area is the headquarters of the country's six major aircraft manufacturers (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation and Vultee). During the war, more aircraft were produced in a year than in all the years before the war since the Wright brothers flew the first aircraft in 1903, combined. Manufacturing in Los Angeles skyrocketed, and as William S. Knudsen, of the National Defense Advisory Commission, said, "We won because we held the enemy in an avalanche of production, similar things he had never seen before, and never dreamed.

After the end of World War II, Los Angeles grew faster than before, stretching to the San Fernando Valley. The expansion of the Interstate Toll System during the 1950s and 1960s helped drive growth in the suburbs and marked the demise of the city's electric rail system, which was once the largest in the world.

The 1960s saw the race's relationship simmering into the Watts riots of 1965 which resulted in 34 deaths and over 1,000 injuries. In 1969, Los Angeles became the birthplace of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmissions were shipped from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympics for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became more financially successful than ever, and the second Olympics to make a profit until then - others, according to a contemporary newspaper report analysis, became the Summer Olympics in 1932, also held in Los Angeles.

Racial tensions erupted on April 29, 1992, with the release of a Simi Valley jury of four Los Angeles Police Officers (LAPD) captured in a video tape that defeated Rodney King, culminating in a large-scale riot. The California National Army Guard, US Army, and US Marine Corps are called in to assist local police in limiting violence. The riots were the biggest in US history, causing about $ 1.3 billion in damage as well as 63 deaths and more than 2,000 injuries.

In 1994, a 6.7 Northridge earthquake rocked the city, causing damage of $ 12.5 billion and 72 deaths. This century ends with the Rampart scandal, one of the most widely documented police abuse cases in American history.

In 2002, voters defeated the efforts of San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to break away from the city.

Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer and Paralympic Games, making Los Angeles the third city to host the Olympics three times.

Maps Los Angeles

Geography

Cityscape

The city is divided into more than 80 districts and neighborhoods, many of which are places or communities incorporated into the city. This environment was developed little by little, and it's pretty clear that this city has a signboard that marks almost everything.

More broadly, the city is divided into the following areas: Los Angeles City Center, Los Angeles East and North East Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, Port Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, Westside, and San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.

Overview

City street patterns generally follow a grid plan, with uniform block length and occasional paths that cross the block. However, this is complicated by rough terrain, which requires having a different grid for each valley that includes Los Angeles. Major roads are designed to move large volumes of traffic through many parts of the city; many are very long: Sepulveda Boulevard is 43 miles (69 km) long, while Foothill Boulevard is over 60 miles (97 km) long, reaching east as far as San Bernardino. The driver in Los Angeles suffered one of the world's worst rush hour periods, according to the annual traffic index by the navigation system maker TomTom. Driver L.A. spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During peak peak hours there are 80% congestion, according to the index.

Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings. Outside of some centers like Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood and Westwood, skyscrapers and high-rise buildings are not common. Some skyscrapers built outside the area often stand out above the rest of the surrounding landscape. Most of the construction is done in a separate unit, not wall-to-wall. That said, downtown Los Angeles itself has many buildings over 30 stories, with fourteen over 50 stories, and two over 70 stories (the tallest building west of Chicago - see List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles). Also, Los Angeles is increasingly becoming an apartment city rather than a single family residence, especially in the crowded inner city and Westside neighborhoods.

Landmarks

Landmark penting di Los Angeles termasuk Hollywood Sign, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building, Katedral Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Dolby Theater, Observatorium Griffith, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Museum Seni Los Angeles County, Distrik Bersejarah Canal Venesia dan boardwalk, Gedung Bertema, Gedung Bradbury, Menara Bank AS, Pusat Utama Wilshire, Hollywood Boulevard, Balai Kota Los Angeles, Hollywood Bowl, Battleship USSÂ Iowa , Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, dan Olvera Street.

Topografi

The city of Los Angeles covers an area of ​​502.7 square miles (1,302 km ² ), consisting of 468.7 square miles (1,214 km ² ) ground and 34.0 square miles (88Ã, km ² ) water. The city extends up to 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and along 29 miles (47 km) in latitudinal. The city border is 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles is flat and hilly. The highest point in the right city is 5.074Ã, ft (1,547 m) Mount Lukens, located at the northeastern end of San Fernando Valley. The eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains stretches from downtown to the Pacific Ocean and separates the Los Angeles Valley from the San Fernando Valley. Other hilly sections of Los Angeles include Mt. The Washington area is just north of Downtown, the east like Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.

Surrounding the city is a much taller mountain. Soon to the north lies the San Gabriel Mountains, which is a popular recreational area for Angelenos. The highlight is Mount San Antonio, locally known as Mount Baldy, which reaches 10,064 feet (3,068 m). Furthermore, the highest point in the greater Los Angeles area is Mount San Gorgonio, with an altitude of 11,503 feet (3,506 m).

The Los Angeles River, which is mostly seasonal, is the primary drainage canal. It is straightened and aligned at 51 miles (82 km) of concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city, flowing east from the San Fernando Valley along the northern edge of the Santa Monica Mountains, and turning south through downtown, flowing into its mouth at Long Beach Port in the Pacific Ocean. The smaller Ballona Creek flows into Santa Monica Bay in Playa del Rey.

Vegetation

Los Angeles is rich in native plant species partly because of its habitat diversity, including beaches, wetlands and mountains. The most prevalent plant communities are the sage of the coastal shrub, the chaparral grove, and the riparian forest. The original plants include: California poppy, poppy matilija, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Live Oak Coast, sycamore, willow and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the sunflower of Los Angeles, have become so rare that they are perceived as threatened. Although not native to the area, the official Los Angeles tree is the Coral Tree ( Erythrina caffra ) and the official flower of Los Angeles is Bird of Paradise ( Strelitzia reginae i>). Palms Fan Mexico, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, though only the latter are indigenous.

Geology

Los Angeles became the target of an earthquake because of its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Geological instability has produced many mistakes, which cause about 10,000 earthquakes each year in Southern California, although most of them are too small to feel. The San Andreas Sesar fault system lies on the border between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and is vulnerable to the "big," a potentially huge and destructive event. The Los Angeles basin and the metropolitan area are also at risk from a blind earthquake. Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include Long Beach 1933, 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, and the Northridge events of 1994. However, all but a few have low intensity and are not felt. USGS has released the California UCERF earthquake forecasts that model earthquake events in California. Part of the city is also vulnerable to tsunamis; the port area was damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.

Climate

Los Angeles has a Mediterranean climate (Climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Csb on the coast, Csa outback), and receives sufficient annual rainfall to avoid KÃÆ'¶ppen BSn (mild semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles has plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measured rainfall each year. The coastal areas around Los Angeles have a climate comparable to that of southeastern Spain such as Alicante or Elche, in the range of temperatures and variations, in the sun's hours as well as the annual rainfall rates.

Temperatures in coastal basins exceed 90 ° F (32 ° C) on a dozen or more days of the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and up to five days in September. The temperatures in the San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel are much warmer. Temperature is subject to substantial daily swings; in rural areas the difference between low daily average and average daily height is more than 30 ° F (17 ° C). The average annual temperature of the ocean is 63 Â ° F (17 Â ° C), from 58 Â ° F (14 Â ° C) in January to 68 Â ° F (20 Â ° C) in August. The total solar clock is over 3,000 per year, from an average of 7 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12 in July.

The Los Angeles area is also subject to the typical phenomenon of microclimate, causing extreme variations in close physical temperature close to each other. For example, the July average maximum temperature at the Santa Monica Pier is 75 Â ° F (24 Â ° C) while it is 95 Â ° F (35 Â ° C) at Canoga Park. The city, like many of California's southern beaches, is subject to a spring/early summer weather phenomenon called "June Gloom". This involves a cloudy or misty sky in the morning that produces the sun in the afternoon.

Downtown Los Angeles averages 14.93 in (379 mm) of annual rainfall, which mainly occurs during November to March, generally in the form of moderate heavy rain, but occasionally as heavy rains during winter storms. Summer days are usually painless. Rarely, a damp air rush from the south or east can bring a brief thunderstorm at the end of summer, especially to the mountains. The coast gets a little rainfall, while the hinterlands and mountains are much more numerous. Average annual rainfall is rare. The usual pattern is year to year variability, with short dry year strings of 5-10 in (130-250 mm) rainfall, followed by one or two wet years with more than 20 at (510 mm). Wet years are usually associated with warm water El NiÃÆ' Â ± o conditions in the Pacific, dry years with cold water La NiÃÆ' Â ± an episode. A series of rainy days can bring floods to the lowlands and landslides to the hills, especially after the forest fires have bare slopes.

Both freezing temperatures and snowfalls are extremely rare in urban and coastal basins, with the last occurrence of a reading of 32 ° F (0 ° C) at the city center station being 29 January 1979; freezing temperatures occur almost every year in the valley locations while the mountains within the city limits usually receive snowfall each winter. The largest recorded snowfall in downtown Los Angeles was 2.0 inches (5 cm) on January 15, 1932. At the official downtown station, the highest temperature was recorded at 113 Â ° F (45 Â ° C) on September 27, 2010, while the lowest was 28 Â ° F (-2 Â ° C), on January 4, 1949. During the fall and winter, Santa Ana winds sometimes bring much warmer and drier conditions to Los Angeles, and increase the risk of forest fires.

Environmental issues

A Gabrielino settlement in the area is called iyÃÆ'¡ang? (written Yang-na by the Spaniards), which has been translated as "poisonous oak". Yang-na has also been translated as "the valley of smoke". Due to the geography, great dependence on cars, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Valley and the San Fernando Valley are vulnerable to atmospheric inversions, which retain discharges from land, aircraft, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing and other sources.

The haze season lasts from about May to October. While other big cities rely on rain to clear the smog, Los Angeles only gets 15 inches (380 mm) of rain every year: pollution accumulates for several days in a row. Air quality issues in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passing of the preliminary national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. Recently, the state of California has led the state in working to limit pollution by requiring low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue declining in the coming years due to aggressive measures to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transport, and other actions.

The number of smoke haze Phase 1 in Los Angeles has dropped from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite the improvements, the 2006 and 2007 Annual Reports of the Lung Association States ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and particle pollution throughout the year. In 2008, the city was ranked second most polluted and again subjected to particulate pollution throughout the year. The city meets its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources by 2010. The 2013 American Lung Association survey puts the metro area as the country with the worst smog, and fourth in short-term pollution and years.

Los Angeles is also home to the largest urban oilfield in the country. There are over 700 active oil wells located at 1,500 feet of houses, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation where the EPA has raised serious concerns.

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Demographics

The 2010 US Census reported that Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621. Population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km ²). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 persons (11.5%) of 18 to 24, 1,209,367 persons (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 persons (23.1%) of 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) aged 65 years or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 women, there are 99.2 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 97.6 men.

There were 1,413,995 housing units - up from 1,298,350 during 2005-2009 - at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied , and 814,305 (61.8%) are occupied by tenants. Homeowner vacancy rate is 2.1%; rental vacancy rate is 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) live in housing units occupied by owners and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) live in rental housing units.

According to the US Census 2010, Los Angeles has an average household income of $ 49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

Race and ethnicity

According to the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles includes: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9,6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians , 3%), 5,577 Pacific Islands (0.1%), 902.959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) of two or more races. Hispanic or Latin of any race is 1,838,822 people (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries who speak different languages. Ethnic areas such as Chinatown, Ancient Philippines, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and the City of Thai give examples of the Los Angeles polyglot character.

Non-Hispanic whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010, compared with 86.3% in 1940. The majority of non-Hispanic whites live in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in nearby neighborhoods and in the Santa Monica Mountains of the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz.

Mexican ancestors form the largest Hispanic ethnic group in 31.9% of the population of Los Angeles, followed by people from Salvador (6.0%) and Guatemala (3.6%) inheritance. The Hispanic population has a long-established Mexican-American and Central American community spread throughout most of Los Angeles and its metropolitan areas. It is mostly concentrated in areas around Downtown such as East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles, and Westlake. In addition, most of the residents of the neighborhood in the eastern Los Angeles South to Downey are from Hispanics.

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), who own their own ethnic territory-Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and the Historical Filipinotown. The Chinese, who make up 1.8% of the Los Angeles population, are largely outside the city limits of Los Angeles and more precisely in the San Gabriel Valley east of Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, especially in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, each representing 0.3% and 0.1% of the Los Angeles population. Japan consists of 0.9% of the population of L.A., and has a Little Tokyo established in downtown, and other important communities of Japanese Americans located in the Sawtelle West Los Angeles district. Vietnam makes up 0.5% of the Los Angeles population. The Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population.

The Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to a large population of Armenians and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.

African Americans have become the dominant ethnic group in South Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The southern neighborhood of LA with the highest concentrations of African Americans includes Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square and Watts. In addition to South Los Angeles, neighborhoods in the Central Los Angeles area, such as Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have moderate African-American concentrations as well. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city dwellers as 17.9% black, 61.1% non-Hispanic whites and 17.1% Hispanic.

Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%). Perhaps due to the fact of its establishment by the Franciscan friars of Roman Catholicism, the Roman Catholic bishop of Los Angeles leads the country's largest archdiocese. Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw the construction of Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral, which opened in September 2002 in downtown Los Angeles. The construction of the cathedral marks the age of the Catholic community in the city, which is very Latin. There are many Catholic churches and parishes throughout Los Angeles.

In 2011, the ever-common, but ultimately invalid, procession and Mass in honor of Nuestra SeÃÆ' Â ± ora de los ÃÆ' ngeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen's Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support and approval of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civilian leaders. The most recently revived custom is the continuation of the original procession and Mass which began on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for almost a century afterwards.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in the right city), this region has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. Many Los Angeles Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, although Boyle Heights and Northwest Los Angeles used to have a large Jewish population. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the area, including the Reformation, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstruction. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in the early decades. (This is no longer a sacred space and is being transformed into a museum and community center.) The Kabbalah Center also has a presence in the city.

The Foursquare International Gospel Church was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains based there to this day. Over the years, the church gathered at the Angelus Temple, which, when built, is one of the largest churches in the country.

Los Angeles has a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest still operating Protestant Church, the First Congregation Church, was founded in 1867. In the early 1900s the Los Angeles Bible Institute published the founding documents of the Fundamentalist Christian Movement and the Azusa Awakening launched Pentecostalism. The Metropolitan Community Church also has its origins in the Los Angeles area. The city's important churches include the First Presbyterian Church in Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Episcopal Church, Los Angeles Lord Church at Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregation Church.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first LDS temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when it was completed.

The Los Angeles Hollywood area also has several headquarters, churches, and Celebrity Celebrity Science Center.

Due to the large multi-ethnic population of Los Angeles, various religions are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, BahÃÆ'¡'ÃÆ', Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism, and others. Immigrants from Asia, for example, have formed a significant number of Buddhist churches making this city home to the world's largest Buddhists. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875. Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, since the city is the largest in the Unchurched Belt of the United States.

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Economy

The Los Angeles economy is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, film, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, clothing, and tourism. Other important industries include finance, telecommunications, law, health care, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Center Index, Los Angeles is ranked 19th as the most competitive financial center in the world, and the sixth most competitive in the United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.).

Two of the six major movie studios, Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox, are located within the city limits, their location being part of what is called "The Thirty Mile Zone" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the western United States. The adjacent ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the world's fifth busiest port and the most important port in the Western Hemisphere and are essential for trading within the Pacific Rim.

The Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of $ 866 billion (by 2015), making it the third largest metropolitan area of ​​the economy in the world, after Tokyo and New York. Los Angeles has been classified as a "world city of Alpha" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.

The largest entrepreneur in the city in 2009 was, in descending order, the City of Los Angeles, County Los Angeles, and the University of California, Los Angeles. The University of Southern California (USC) is the fourth largest company in the city and the largest private company in the world.

Fortune 500

The city is home to six companies in Fortune 500 2014.

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Culture

Los Angeles is often referred to as the "Creative Capital of the World", as one out of every six inhabitants works in the creative industry and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city in history.

Movies and performing arts

The Hollywood neighborhood in this city has been recognized as the center of the film industry. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards and is the location of the USC Cinematic School School, the oldest film school in the United States.

Performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week." Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the country", with over 1.3 million visitors per year. The Walt Disney Concert Hall, center of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Leading organizations such as Center Theater Group, Los Angeles Master Chorale, and Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is cultivated locally in key institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton Music School.

Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County. In fact, Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world. Some of the most famous museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Getty Center (part of J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's richest art institution), Petersen Automotive Museum, Huntington Library, Natural History Museum, Battleship Iowa, and Museum of Contemporary Art. A large number of art galleries are located in Row Gallery, and tens of thousands of people attend the monthly Art Walk Center there.

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Sports

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area is home to 11 top-level professional sports teams. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers of National Basketball Association (NBA) Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks from National Hockey League (NHL), Los Angeles Galaxy & amp; Los Angeles FC from Major League Soccer (MLS), and Los Angeles Sparks from the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Other well-known sports teams include UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference.

Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States but there is no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and Raiders moved back to home from Oakland. After 21 seasons at St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced that the Rams will move back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season. The new stadium will be built in Inglewood, California for the team in the 2020 season. Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 and the Raiders played their home game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994. The San Diego Chargers announced on 12 January 2017 that they will move to Los Angeles and become Los Angeles Fans starting in the 2017 NFL season and playing at StubHub Center in Carson, California for the next three seasons until Radu 'Inglewood' stadium is completed.

Los Angeles has twice held the Summer Olympics: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the game for the third time in 2028. Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900 , 1924). and 2024) to organize the Olympics three times. When the tenth Olympics were held in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowl I and VII were also held in the city, as well as several FIFA World Cup matches at the Rose Bowl in 1994, including the final. Los Angeles also held Deaflympics in 1985 and the 2015 World Special Olympics.

Los Angeles offers a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Banc of California Stadium, and Staples Center. The Forum, StubHub Center, and Rose Bowl are also located in adjacent towns.

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Government

Los Angeles is a city charter that goes against the city of common law. The charter is currently adopted on June 8, 1999 and has been amended several times since then. The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the Los Angeles Mayor operating under the mayor's council, as well as the city counsel (not to be confused with the district attorney, the county office) and the controller. The current mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 districts of the city council.

The city has many designated departments and officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) Commissioner, Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT) , and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

The Municipal Charter of Los Angeles ratified by the electorate in 1999 created an environmental advisory system that would represent a diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the ward. Environmental boards are relatively autonomous and spontaneous because they identify their own boundaries, establish their own rules, and elect their own officials. There are currently about 90 ward councils.

Los Angeles residents elected supervisors for district supervisors 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Federal and state representations

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is divided between fourteen districts. In the California State Senate, the city is divided between eight districts. In the United States House of Representatives, it is divided between ten congressional districts.

Crime

Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 murder cases. This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population - a major decline from 1980 when the murder rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported. This includes 15 shootings involving officers. One shooting caused the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD history. Los Angeles in 2013 amounted to 251 murders, a decline of 16 percent from a year earlier. Police speculated that the decline was generated from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online. The crime increased significantly in 2015 from the lows in 2013 with an aggravated attack rate of up to 76%, rapes up to 182.7% and murders up 9.2%.

The criminal family Dragna and Cohen's crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Banning era and culminated during the 1940s and 1950s with the Sunset Strip battle as part of the American Mafia, but gradually declining ever since with the rise of black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs. Among them are Crips and Bloods, which are African American street gangs from the South Los Angeles area. Latin street gangs like SureÃÆ' Â ± os, Mexican street gangs, and Mara Salvatrucha, who are mostly Salvageese descendants, all from Los Angeles. This has led to a city called "Gang Capital of America".

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Education

Colleges and universities

There are three state universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

The city's private colleges include the Conservatory of the American Film Institute, Alliant International University, Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus), American Academy of Dramatic Arts (American Los Angeles), American Jewish University, Abraham Lincoln University, American Academy of Music and Drama - Campus Los Angeles, campus of Antioch University Los Angeles, University of Medicine and Science Charles R. Drew, Emperor University, Institute of Fashion Design & amp; The Los Angeles Merchandising Campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the main university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis Academy of Art and Design, Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwest Law School, University of Southern California (USC), and Woodbury University.

The community college system consists of nine campuses managed by guardians from the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Western Higher Los Angeles, Los Angeles Technical College College and West Los Angeles College.

There are many additional colleges and universities outside the city limits of the Greater Los Angeles area.

Schools and libraries

The Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost every city of Los Angeles, as well as some surrounding communities, with a population of about 800,000 students. After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, the urban school district experienced great difficulties in terms of funding. LAUSD has become famous for its underfunded, overcrowded and under-served campus, though its Magnet 162 schools help compete with local private schools.

Some small parts of Los Angeles are located in the Las Virgenes Integrated School District. The Los Angeles County Education Office operates the Los Angeles County Arts College. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city. Enclave the unrelated areas served by the branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

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Media

The Los Angeles metro area is the second largest broadcast market area in the US (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4,956% of US), served by local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets that have seven VHF allocations given to them.

As part of the region's creative industry, Big Four's major broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC all have production facilities and offices in various areas of Los Angeles. The four main broadcast television networks, plus the main Spanish-speaking Telemundo and Univision networks, also own and operate stations serving the Los Angeles market and serve as the main network of each West Coast network: ABC's KABC-TV (Channel 7), CBS's KCBS -TV (Channel 2), KTTV-TV Fox (Channel 11), KNBC-TV NBC (Channel 4), KCOP-TV MyNetworkTV (channel 13), KVEA-TV on Telemundo (Channel 52), and KMEX-TV owned by Univision (Channel 34). The region also has three PBS stations, as well as KCET, the largest national independent public television station. KTBN (Channel 40) is the main station of the Trinity Religion Broadcasting Network, based in Santa Ana. Independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area.

The main daily English daily newspaper in the area is Los Angeles Times . La OpiniÃÆ'³n is a large-language Spanish-language daily newspaper. The Korea Times is a Korean-language daily newspaper in the city while The World Journal is China's major city and newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's weekly African-American newspaper, which boasts the largest African-American reader in the Western United States. Investor Business Daily is distributed from L.A. corporate office, headquartered in Playa del Rey.

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, weekly and alternative magazines including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on greater Los Angeles area coverage), Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses on coverage in San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly , LA Record (which focuses coverage in the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), < Los Angeles Magazine , Los Angeles Business Journal , The Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter , Variety (both entertainment industries), and Los Angeles Downtown News . In addition to major papers, many local magazines serve immigrant communities in their native language, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlap into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving South Bay), and Long Beach Press-Telegram .

Los Angeles art, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides such as Time Out Los Angeles , Thrillist , Kristin List , DailyCandy , Laist , and Flavorpill .

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Transportation

Highway

Other cities and metropolitan areas of Los Angeles are served by a network of highways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, places the Los Angeles traffic as the most crowded in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delays per tourist. The average traveler in Los Angeles has 72 hours of traffic delays per year according to research. Los Angeles followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with a 60 hour delay). Despite the congestion in the city, the average travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. The average travel time of Los Angeles to commute in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to what happened in San Francisco and Washington, D.C.

Among the main highways connecting LA to all countries including Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland and Seattle to the Canadian-US border; Interstate 10, the northeast, coast-to-coast Interstate highway in the United States, to Jacksonville, Florida; and US 101 Route, which leads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, Redwood Empire, and the coast of Oregon and Washington.

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Transit system

The LA County Metropolitan Transport Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate a broad bus line system, as well as subway and light rail lines through Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million per September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken by the city bus system, the second busiest in the country. The combined train and subway train averaged about 8.2 million boardings a month on average. LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for calendar year 2017, including about 285 million bus drivers and approximately 113 million on a transit train. For the first quarter of 2018, there were fewer than 95 million system-wide boarding, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million by 2016. In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters boarded some form of public transport. According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of Los Angeles (city) residents who work make travel to work via public transport.

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the second busiest in the country. The rail system includes the Red and Purple rail lines, as well as the Golden, Blue, Expo and Green light rail lines. In 2016, the Expo Line was extended to the Pacific in Santa Monica. Orange and Silver Metro lines are fast bus transit lines with stops and frequencies similar to light rails. The city is also the center of the Metrolink commuter rail system, which connects Los Angeles to all neighboring districts as well as many suburbs.

In addition to the rail services provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transport Authority, Los Angeles is serviced by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main railway station in town is Union Station just north of Downtown.

In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus services through the Los Angeles Transportation Department, or LADOT.

Airport

The major international and domestic airports serving Los Angeles are Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX , ICAO: KLAX ), usually called by the airport code, LAX .

Other nearby major commercial airports include:

• (IATA: ONT , ICAO: KONT ) LA/Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Los Angeles; serving the Imperial Empire.
• (IATA: BUR , ICAO: KBUR ) Burbank Hollywood Airport, formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport; the nearest airport to Downtown Los Angeles; serving San Fernando and San Gabriel Valley.
• (IATA: LGB , ICAO: KLGB ) Long Beach Airport, serving the Long Beach/Harbor area.
• (IATA: SNA , ICAO: KSNA ) John Wayne Airport in Orange County.

One of the world's busiest public aviation airports is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY , ICAO: KVNY ).

Harbor

Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in San Pedro neighborhood, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the harbor complex occupies 7,500 acres (30Ã, km ² ) of land and water along the 43 miles (69 km) of the water. It is adjacent to a separate Port of Long Beach.

The Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach seaports together form Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor. Together, the two ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with trading volumes of more than 14.2 million TEUs in 2008. Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center in the world. The West Coast of the United States - Port of World Cruise Center in Los Angeles serves about 590,000 passengers by 2014.

There is also a small, non-industrial port along the Los Angeles coastline. This port includes four bridges: Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Bridge Schuyler F. Heim. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the town of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

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Famous people

As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, many singers, actors and entertainers live in various districts in Los Angeles.

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Twin towns and twin cities

Los Angeles has 25 twin cities, registered chronologically based on years of joining:

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":

• London, United Kingdom
• ? ÃÆ'³d ?, Poland
• Manchester, United Kingdom
• Tel Aviv, Israel

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See also

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References

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Further reading

General

• Carey McWilliams (2009). Southern California: An Island Above (9th ed.). Peregrine Smith. ISBN: 978-0-87905-007-8.
• Richard White (1991). It's Your Misfortune and Nothing My Own: The New West American History . University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2567-1.
• David Rieff (1992). Los Angeles: Third World Capital . Touchstone. ISBN: 978-0-671-79210-7.
• Peter Theroux (1994). Translating LA: Rainbow City Tour . Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31394-9.
• Paul Glover (1995). Los Angeles: A History of the Future . Greenplanners. ISBN: 978-0-9622911-0-4.
• Leonard Pitt & amp; Dale Pitt (2000). Los Angeles A to Z: A City and District Encyclopedia . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20530-7. Ã,
• Kevin Starr and David Ulin (2009). Jim Heimann, ed. Los Angeles: City Portrait . Taschen America. ISBN: 978-3-8365-0291-7.

Urban architecture and theory

• Reyner Banham (2009). Los Angeles: Architecture of the Four Ecologies (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26015-3.
• Mike Davis (2006). Quartz City: Digging the Future in Los Angeles . Verso. ISBN: 978-1-84467-568-5.
• Robert M. Fogelson (1993). The Metropolis Fragmented: Los Angeles 1850-1930 . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08230-4.
• Norman M. Klein (1997). The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and Memory Removal . Verso. ISBN: 978-1-84467-242-4.
• Sam Hall Kaplan (2000). L.A. Missing & amp; Found: Architectural History of Los Angeles . Hennessey and Ingalls. ISBN: 978-0-940512-23-8. Source of the article : Wikipedia